Conferva
a genus of algals, the typical of the sub-order conferveæ and the order confervaceæ. Most of the are marine, though a few are species species freshwater. Rabenhorst describes 30 in all. CONFERVACEÆ, an order of flowerless plants, alliance algales. They are water-plants, generally green, but occasionally olive, violet, and red; most of them are found in fresh water, attached or floating, some in salt water, and a few in both. The confervaceæ bear the lichens cœnogonium and cystocoleus.
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Confessional
in Roman Catholic churches and chapels, a kind of inclosed seat in which the priest sits to hear persons confess their sins.
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Confiscation
the act of condemning as forfeited, and adjudging to the public treasury, the goods of a criminal in part punishment of a crime. The subject of confiscating the property of those in rebellion was warmly discussed both in and out of the United States Congress at the beginning of the Civil War. A bill "to confiscate property used for insurrectionary purposes," etc., approved Aug. 6, 1861, providing for the immediate confiscation of all property belonging to office-holders under the Confederate government, and confiscation within 60 days after the President's Amnesty ty Proclamation of all property belonging to disloyal citizens or privates in the Confederate army, was passed by the House July 11, 1862, and the Senate the next day; and after a slight modification, suggested by the president in his veto of the same, on constitutional grounds, it was again passed by both houses on the 16th, and approved, becoming a law the next day. On July 22, the president issued an order that property needed for the support of the armies of the United States should be seized. After the United States entered the World War a number of German and Austrian ships in American harbors were seized. A custodian was also appointed for alien enemy property for the period of the war. A presidential proclamation, March 20, 1918, confiscated 68 Dutch ships in United States ports under the law of augury. CONFLUENTES. See COBLENZ.
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Conformable Strata
beds which lie parallel to each other, the accumulation of the upper strata having followed the deposition of the underlying beds without any break or prolonged interruption. Conformity thus points to a continuity of the same physical conditions.
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Congelation
The transition of a liquid to a solid state in consequence of the abstraction of heat, or through the effect of pressure. Metals, oil, water, etc., congeal when they change from a fluid to the solid state. In the foundry, it is common to term these phenomena as "setting," "freezing."
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Conger
EDWIN HURD, an Amer. ican diplomatist; born in Knox co., Ill., March 7, 1843. He was graduated at Lombard University in 1862 and immediately enlisted in the Union army, attaining the brevet rank of major. At the close of the Civil War he studied law, graduating at the Albany Law School in 1866; practiced at Galesburg, Ill., removing to Iowa in 1868. He was elected to Congress in 1884 and twice re-elected as a Republican. In 1890 he was appointed Minister to Brazil, serving four years. In 1897 he was again appointed and in the following year was transferred to China. He was at his post throughout the Chinese crisis of 1900, in Peking, being imprisoned with his family, and the entire diplomatic corps in the British legation compound from June 20 to Aug. 15. He narrowly escaped slaughter at the hands of the Boxers. The allied forces rescued him and his colleagues on August 20. See CHINA. He died May 17, 1907.
a large sea-eel, Conger vulgaris of Cuvier, Muræna Conger of Linnæus. It is of the family Murænidæ. It is 5, 6, or, in rare cases, even 10 feet long. Its upper parts are brownishwhite, and the lower dirty-white; the lateral line spotted with white, the dorsal and anal fins white margined with black. A smaller species, C. myrus, is found in the Mediterranean.
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Conglomerate
in geology, pebbles, gravel, or any similar collection of rounded water-worn fragments of rocks, the whole bound together by a silicious, calcareous, or argillaceous cement. It is sometimes called also pudding-stone. The pebbles, or gravel, have a history before becoming fixed in the conglomerate. By reading that history the geologist is able to trace the direction of currents of water, etc., and recompose lost chapters, or parts of chapters, in the history of the earth. In anatomy, the conglomerate glands are compound glands, chiefly of the racemose class. Examples - the pancreas, the salivary, lachrymal, and mammary glands, Brunner's glands, and most of the small glands that open into the mouth, the fauces, and the windpipe. CONGO. See KONGO.
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Congo Independent State
. See Belgian Congo
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Congregation
an assembly, generally a religious assembly; ly; in its most ordinary use, an assembly of Christians met in one place for worship. In the Roman Catholic Church it often designates a sort of board of cardinals, prelates, and divines, to which is intrusted the management of some important branch of the affairs of the Church. Thus the Congregation of the Index examines books and decides on their fitness for general perusal. The word is also used in the Church of Rome to describe communities of ecclesiastics who live together under rule, but without being bound by vow, or at least by solemn vow. Such are the Congregation of the Oratory, the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, usually called Redemptorists, etc.
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Congregationalists, The
The, a religious denomination. The Congregationalists differ from the Presbyterians less in point of doctrine than in form of church government. Each Congregational church has authority to elect its own governing body, select its own pastor, and determine its own form of worship. The Congregationalists of England are often known as Independents. Congregationalism in America had its rise in New England . Yale, Dartmouth, Amherst, and Oberlin are among the older Congregational colleges. There are in the United States about 6,000 (6,012 in 1909) Congregational churches, with over 700,000 communicants. There are as many now in Great Britain , Canada, Australia, and other English-speaking countries. The denomination is noted for intelligence and for activity in Sunday school and missionary work. See Puritans; Unitarians
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