These 14 listings are so strange that each appears in only one of the 7 encyclopedias we compared. They include such classics as Commendam, Commensal, Commensurable.
the administration or provisional management of a benefice during a vacancy. The person intrusted with the management was called commendator. The grant of ecclesiastical livings in this way gave rise to great abuses. In England the term was applied to a living retained by a bishop after he had ceased to be an incumbent. 6 and 7 William IV. the holding By of livings in commendam was, for the future, abolished.
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messmate; applied in zoölogy to animals which live on or in other animals for part or the whole of their life, simply sharing the food of their host without being parasite on him; thus the pea-crabs live within the cavity of shell-fish, and find their food in the water introduced for the benefit of their host.
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an appellation given to such quantities or magnitudes as can be measured by one and the same common measure. Commensurable numbers are such as can be measured or divided by some other number without any remainder; such are 12 and 18, as being measured by 6 or 3.
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a term used (1) in the same sense as memoirs, for a narrative of particular transactions or events, as the "Commentaries" of Cæsar. (2) A series or collection of comments or annotations. These may either be in the form of detached notes, or may be embodied in a series of remarks written and printed in a connected form. mutual exchange,
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CHAMBERS OF. See CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.
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CHAMBERS OF 86 which such a condition of affairs engenever, American Commerce continued to increase, until the stars and stripes were familiar in every port of the earth. At the outbreak of the World War our commerce was at its height, and at the close of the war it continued to increase in volume. For the Commerce of the various countries see section Commerce under those countries.
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the law which regulates commercial affairs among the merchants of different countries or among merchants generally. It is derived from the different maritime codes of mediæval Europe, the imperial code of Rome, international law, and the custom of merchants. Lord Mansfield (1704-1793) was the first great exponent of commercial law in Great Britain.
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the act of threatening or denouncing vengeance; a threat; also a solemn recital of God's commandments and a "Denouncing of God's anger and judgments against sinners," appointed to be used in the Church of England on Ash-Wednesday and such other times as the ordinary may direct. It was introduced at the Reformation as a substitute for the ceremony of sprinkling the head and making the sign of the cross with ashes on Ash-Wednesday.
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an ecclesiastical term, an officer of a bishop who exercises spiritual jurisdiction in remote parts of a diocese, or one intrusted with the performance of the duties in the bishop's absence. Also, in the army, a term applied to officers charged with furnishing provisions, etc., for its use. In the United States the army commissary up to 1912 was under Department of Subsistence, but in that year was joined to the Quartermaster Corps. It now falls partly in the Army Service Corps, in which body alone there are commissary officers. -COMMISSION PLAN. See MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.
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an anatomical term applied to nervous connections between adjacent parts of the nervous system. Though it is not always used in quite the same way, the general signification of the term, and the physiological import of the structure, is that of a uniting bridge.
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one or more persons elected or deputed to examine, consider and report on any matter of business. A Committee of the whole House, a dered. Despite these annoyances, how-term used when a legislative body resolves itself into a committee to consider any bill or matter, in which case the speaker leaves the chair, which is taken by one of the members, called the Chairman of Committee. While in committee a member is allowed to speak more than once on any point. The Committee of Public Safety; a rendering of the French term, Comité de Salut public, the name given to a committee of members of the French National Convention during the first revolution. When the National Convention, about the end of 1792, abolished monarchy and proclaimed a republic, it divided the executive government among several committees, paramount over which was the Committee of Public Safety, appointed on April 6, 1793. It was the rule of this tyrannical and sanguinary committee which is known as the Reign of Terror. Robespierre was its animating spirit, next to whom stood Couthon and St. Just. In March, 1871, the Communists established a similar committee in Paris, which fell in May of the same year. National Committee, a body vested with control of a political party in the United States with special reference to a Presidential election.
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LUCIUS AELIUS AURELIUS, a Roman Emperor; born in A. D. 161; the son of Marcus Aurelius. He was most carefully educated, and accompanied his father on several military expeditions. He succeeded him in 180, and, after a short period of orderly government, he dismissed his wisest counsellors, and gave himself up to the lowest society. He went so far in defiance of decency as to fight in the circus like a gladiator, and then gave himself out to be a god, and would be worshipped as Hercules. He was at last poisoned by Marcia, and then strangled by an athlete. The vices and misgovernment of Commodus hastened the fall of the empire. He died Dec. 31, 192.
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the council of a city or corporate town, empowered to make by-laws for the government of the citizens.
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the unwritten law, the law that receives its binding force from immemorial usage and universal reception, in distinction from the written or statute law; sometimes from the civil or canon law; and occasionally from the lex mercatoria, or commercial and maritime jurisprudence. It consists of that body of rules, principles, and customs which have been received from former times, and by which courts have been guided in their judicial decisions. The evidence of this law is to be found in the reports of those decisions and the records of the courts. It is contrasted with the statute law contained in acts of Parliament; equity, which is also an accretion of judicial decisions, but formed by a new tribunal, which first appeared when the common law had reached its full growth; and the civil law inherited by modern Europe from the Roman Empire. Wherever statute law, however, runs counter to common law, the latter is entirely overruled; but common law, on the other hand, asserts its pre-eminence where equity is opposed to it.
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