Couch Grass
a grass (Triticum repens) sometimes called in books creeping wheat-grass. It has long spikes, the spikelets with four to eight flowers. It is very common in fields and waste places. When occurring as a weed in cornfields, its long, creeping root renders it difficult of extirpation. Couch grass is a diuretic and aperient, and is useful in cases where the mucous membrane of the urinary tract is irritated or inflamed, as in irritation of the bladder, gonorrhea,
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Couchant
in Heraldry, a beast lying down, head up. If the head is down, he is dormant. with his
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Coudert
FREDERIC RENE (ködar'), an American lawyer and expert in international law; in born New York in 1832, was graduated at Columbia College in 1850, and admitted to the New York bar in 1853. In 1892 he was appointed United States before the Bering Sea one of the counsel on the part of the Tribunal of Arbitration in Paris, and was especially complimented by Baron de president of the tribunal, for his argument on the necessity of putting a stop to pelagic sealing. On Jan. n. 1, 1896, President Cleveland appointed him a member of the Venezuela Boundary Commission. He had a world-wide reputation as an advocate and an authority on international law, and several times declined the offer of appointment to the bench of the United States Supreme Court. He was legal representative of the French Government for many years. He died Dec. 20, 1903.
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Coues
ELLIOTT (kouz), an American naturalist; born in Portsmouth, Sept. 9, 1842. He was of late connected with the Smithsonian Inand was author of " Key to North Birds " ( 1872), " Field Orni- " ( Birds 1874), " Check - List of North " ( 1882), " Biogen, " " The of Darwin, " etc. With J. S. Kingsley, he edited the "Standard Natural History" (three vols., 1883). He was actively interested in Theosophy. He died
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Cough
a spasmodic effort, attended with noise, to expel from the air passages of the lungs some foreign body or irritating matter, which else would injure the delicate respiratory apparatus. Properly speaking it is not a disease; it is the effort of nature to remove what, if it be allowed to remain, may generate one; or it may be the symptoms of a disease of the lungs, the liver, the stomach, or the intestines; or may be produced by the over-excitability of the system in the nervous temperament. At the same time, when itself violent, it may produce morbid effects.
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Coulter
JOHN LEE, an American statistician, born in Mallory, Minn., in 1881. He graduated from the University of North Dakota in 1904 and took post-graduate courses at the University of Wisconsin and the University of Minnosota. He served on the faculties of several colleges and universities, becoming, in 1909, professor of rural economics at the University of Minnesota. In 1910- 1912 he was expert special agent of the United States Census Bureau and was in charge of the Division of Agriculture from 1912 to 1914. From 1915 he was dean of the West Virginia College of Agriculture and director of the experimental station. He served as lecturer on agricultural subjects in several colleges and was on the editorial staff of several statistical and economic journals. In 1918-1919 he was a member of the American Overseas Educational Commission. He was a member of many economic societies and was the author of "Economic History of Red Valley of the North" (1910); and "Co-operation Among Farmers" (1911).
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Coumarin
in chemistry (C2H6O2, or CH=CH { occurs in the tonka- C6H4 O-CO. bean, the fruit of Coumarouna odorata, in small white crystals, between the seed-way repair shops, stock yards, grain coating and the kernel; also in Woodruff, Asperula odorata, and in the leaves and flowers of sweet-scented vernal grass, anthoxanthum odoratum, and other plants. It has been prepared synthetically by heating salicylic sodium aldehydes with acetic anhydride, sodium acetate being produced at the same time. Coumarin is extracted from the tonka-bean by strong alcohol; it crystallizes in colorless rectangular plates, melting at 67°. It is nearly insoluble in water, has an aromatic odor and a burning taste, and is soluble in alcohol and ether.
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Council of Nice
. See Nice
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Counsel
in English law, a counselor-advocate in a trial; also the whole number of advocates engaged on any side collectively. King's Counsel are barristers appointed counsel to the Crown by the Lord Chancellor, and take precedence of other barristers. They have the privilege of wearing a silk gown, that of an ordinary barrister being of stuff. In the United States the word counsel is applied indiscriminately to all members of the legal profession retained in a cause; as, the counsel for the plaintiff, the counsel for the defendant.
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Counter Balance
A mass of metal placed on the opposite side of a wheel to that to which a crank is attached to compensate for the weight of the latter.
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Counter Charms
Charms employed to counteract the effect of other charms. When magicians wish to disenchant animals they sprinkle salt in a porringer with some blood from one of the bewitched creatures, and repeat certain formulæ for nine days.
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Counter-Irritant
an irritant application n to the external parts of the body designed to diminish, counteract, or remove some other irritation or inflammation then existing. Such are rubefacients, perpetual blisters, issues of setons, cauterizing agents.
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Counter-Tenor
the highest adult male voice, the same as alto.
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Counterfeit
to imitate, with the intention of deceit, the current medium of exchange or money of a country. In the United States, the crime of counterfeiting paper-money is punishable up to 15 years' hard labor, and a fine of $15, 000; large coin, 10 years and $5,000 fine; minor coin, 5 years and $1,000 fine. Forging postal money orders, postal cards, government stamps of all kinds, and government securities, as also importing, possessing, or uttering false coins or notes with fraudulent intent are crimes punishable up to 10 years' hard labor. Mutilating and debasing the coin is also counterfeiting, but is not so severely punished as the making of counver terfeit coins.
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