Conger
EDWIN HURD, an Amer. ican diplomatist; born in Knox co., Ill., March 7, 1843. He was graduated at Lombard University in 1862 and immediately enlisted in the Union army, attaining the brevet rank of major. At the close of the Civil War he studied law, graduating at the Albany Law School in 1866; practiced at Galesburg, Ill., removing to Iowa in 1868. He was elected to Congress in 1884 and twice re-elected as a Republican. In 1890 he was appointed Minister to Brazil, serving four years. In 1897 he was again appointed and in the following year was transferred to China. He was at his post throughout the Chinese crisis of 1900, in Peking, being imprisoned with his family, and the entire diplomatic corps in the British legation compound from June 20 to Aug. 15. He narrowly escaped slaughter at the hands of the Boxers. The allied forces rescued him and his colleagues on August 20. See CHINA. He died May 17, 1907.
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Conger (Large sea-eel Conger vulgaris)
a large sea-eel, Conger vulgaris of Cuvier, Muræna Conger of Linnæus. It is of the family Murænidæ. It is 5, 6, or, in rare cases, even 10 feet long. Its upper parts are brownishwhite, and the lower dirty-white; the lateral line spotted with white, the dorsal and anal fins white margined with black. A smaller species, C. myrus, is found in the Mediterranean.
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Conglomerate
in geology, pebbles, gravel, or any similar collection of rounded water-worn fragments of rocks, the whole bound together by a silicious, calcareous, or argillaceous cement. It is sometimes called also pudding-stone. The pebbles, or gravel, have a history before becoming fixed in the conglomerate. By reading that history the geologist is able to trace the direction of currents of water, etc., and recompose lost chapters, or parts of chapters, in the history of the earth. In anatomy, the conglomerate glands are compound glands, chiefly of the racemose class. Examples - the pancreas, the salivary, lachrymal, and mammary glands, Brunner's glands, and most of the small glands that open into the mouth, the fauces, and the windpipe. CONGO. See KONGO.
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Congo Independent State
. See Belgian Congo
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Congregation
an assembly, generally a religious assembly; ly; in its most ordinary use, an assembly of Christians met in one place for worship. In the Roman Catholic Church it often designates a sort of board of cardinals, prelates, and divines, to which is intrusted the management of some important branch of the affairs of the Church. Thus the Congregation of the Index examines books and decides on their fitness for general perusal. The word is also used in the Church of Rome to describe communities of ecclesiastics who live together under rule, but without being bound by vow, or at least by solemn vow. Such are the Congregation of the Oratory, the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, usually called Redemptorists, etc.
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Congregationalists, The
The, a religious denomination. The Congregationalists differ from the Presbyterians less in point of doctrine than in form of church government. Each Congregational church has authority to elect its own governing body, select its own pastor, and determine its own form of worship. The Congregationalists of England are often known as Independents. Congregationalism in America had its rise in New England . Yale, Dartmouth, Amherst, and Oberlin are among the older Congregational colleges. There are in the United States about 6,000 (6,012 in 1909) Congregational churches, with over 700,000 communicants. There are as many now in Great Britain , Canada, Australia, and other English-speaking countries. The denomination is noted for intelligence and for activity in Sunday school and missionary work. See Puritans; Unitarians
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Congregationists
the Scotch reformers. The whole body was called the Congregation; but from 1638, when they bound themselves by oath to adhere to the Solemn League and Covenant, the reformers were called Covenanters. Not unfrequently the Congregationists are called Covenanters.
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Congress (Assembly either of sovereign)
an assembly either of sovereign princes, or of the delegated representatives of sovereign States, for the purpose of considering matters of international interest. Even in the United States, though the term has now a different meaning, it had a similar origin, the first congress being that of the delegates from the various British colonies, who met on Oct. 7, 1765, for the purpose of considering their grievances. Previous to signing a treaty of peace, a meeting of plenipotentiaries usually takes place, to which the name of a congress is sometimes applied. It is more properly reserved for important meetings to decide great European questions. To this class belonged the famous Congress of Vienna in 1815; that of Carlsbad in 1819, for regulating the affairs of Germany; that of Paris at the end of the Russian war of 1854-1856; and that at Berlin after the Russo- Turkish war of 1877-1878.
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Congreve
WILLIAM, an English dramatist; born near Leeds in 1670. He entered himself as a student at the Middle Temple, but abandoned the law for literature. His first piece, written at the age of 17, was a romance, entitled, "Incognito, or Love and Duty Reconciled." In 1693, being then only 23 years old, he wrote his first comedy, "The Old Bachelor." This produced him not only great reputation, but a commissionership CONIFERÆ in the hackney-coach office, from the Earl of Halifax, who afterward still further patronized and favored him. He wrote also "Love for Love," "The Double Dealer," "The Mourning Bride," "The of Way the World," an opera, and some poems. He died in London, Jan. 19, 1729.
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Conical Pendulum
A pendulum whose bob moves in a circle. See Pendulum.
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Conical Pendulum
A pendulum which in its swing describes the figure of a cone in the air. A pendulum whose lower extremity describes a circle as shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 248. By comparison it will be found that a conical pendulum completes its circular travel in the same time that an oscillating pendulum requires to make a complete swing, back and forth.
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Conical Pivot
A pivot whose shoulders are of conical form used only in pivots having end stones. See Balance Staff.
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Conifere
an order of plants, one of those recognized in 1751, in the infancy of botany, by Linnæus. They belong to the class or sub-class of Gymnosperms. They are fine trees or shrubs abounding in resin. Lindley divides it into two sub-orders, (1) Abieteæ, with the ovules inverted and the pollen oval, ovules erect and the pollen spheroidal. Sometimes the Taxineæ (Yews) figure as a third, but Lindley makes them a distinct order, and calls them Taxaceæ (Taxads). Nearly 200 species are known. They are most useful to man, supplying timber, with oil, resin, and turpentine. They are diffused over the world. The wood of the coniferæ may be distinguished from those of ordinary dicotyledons by the absence of proper ducts in the woody layers, and by the presence of large areolar disks on the walls of the wood cells. The wood of the Yew (Taxus baccata), and the Douglas Fir (Abies Douglasii), are exceptions to this rule. On the other hand, the Wintereæ, which are not coniferous, but belong to the Magnoliads, have similar circular disks. The coniferæ commence at least as early as the Devonian. They the Carboniferare well represented in ous rocks, being associated there with the higher Acrogens. They flourished through the Secondary period, and on to times. The Carboniferous Conipresent fers may have been taxoid (Yew-like), though the genus Pinites also occurs. The species in the Secondary rocks were more akin to the Araucaria of our gardens than to ordinary pines.
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