Cronje
PIET (krōn'yë), a Boer military commander; born near Pretoria in 1835. He has been prominent in all the history of the South African Republic. Bred to farm life, he entered politics, refused office under British annexation in 1877, commanded a brigade in the war of 1880-1881, became a member of the Transvaal executive government, and captured Sir John Willoughby and his force after the Jameson raid in 1896. During the war with England in 1899-1900, Cronje rose to the military leadership of the Boers, and held out heroically with an inferior force till forced to surrender to Lord Roberts at Klip River, near Paardeberg, Orange Free State. He was exiled to St. Helena in May, 1900. He visited the United States in 1905. He died in 1911.
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Cronus
or Kronos, kro'nus, in Greek mythology, one of the Titans, son of Uranus (Sky) and Gaea or Ge (Earth). Cronus married his sister Rhea and reigned in Olympus during the Golden Age . The myth runs that Cronus swallowed his children as soon as they were born, because of a prophecy to the effect that he would be displaced in power by his son. When the youngest, Zeus, was born, the mother hid him, and gave Cronus a stone to swallow in place of the child. Zeus grew up and married Metis. She gave her father-in-law a drink which caused him to disgorge his children, who were still living. Zeus led them to rebel against their father and the other Titans. Zeus was victorious; the Titans were driven into Tartarus and punished in various ways. Zeus now reigned in Olympus. Cronus was sometimes called the god of time. This idea seems to have arisen from the similarity between the words Cronus and Chronos, time. According to later authorities, the word Cronus is from an entirely different root. See Saturn ; Mythology ; Golden Age
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Crook
GEORGE, an American military officer; born near Dayton, O., Sept. 8, 1828. United States Military Academy in 1852, He was graduated at the and rose to the rank of Major-General. In the Civil War he greatly distinguished himself at South N Mountain, Antietam, Chickamauga, and Appomattox. After the war he achieved celebrity in campaigns against the Indians as commander of the districts of Idaho and Arizona. From 1888 until his death, he commanded the Military Division of the 1890. Missouri. He died in Chicago, March 1, lish physicist and chemist; born in Lon-
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Crook, George
George (1828-1890), an Indian fighter. He completed the West Point course in 1852, and served with gallantry at South Mountain, Antietam, and Chickamauga. He was with Grant at Appomattox. After the Civil War he rose to the rank of major-general, and was commander of the United States forces in Idaho, Arizona, and the department of the Missouri. He rode in many a hard campaign against the Apaches, Comanches, and Sioux. He died at Chicago. See Miles ; Apaches; Sioux ; Custer
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Crosby
ERNEST HOWARD, American author; born at New York, Nov. 4, 1856; son of Howard Crosby. He was educated at the University of New York, and practiced law in New York from 1878-1889. He was appointed by President Harrison in 1889 Judge of the International Court at Alexandria, Egypt, where he remained till 1894. On his return he visited Count Tolstoy, and adopted that writer's ideas in regard to social reform. He was the first President of the Social Reform Club, and Chairman of the New York Friends of Russian Freedom. He published: "Plain Talk in Psalm and Parable" (1899); "Captain Jinks, Hero" (1902); "Swords and Ploughshares" (1902); "Tolstoy and his Message" and "William Lloyd Garrison" (1905). He died in 1906.
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Crosier
the pastoral staff of an archbishop, surmounted by a cross; or of a bishop or abbot, terminating in a curve or crook. It is generally elaborately carved and ornamented with jewels, etc. 4
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Crosman
HENRIETTA, an American actress. Born in West Virginia in 1870, she first went on the stage when nineteen years of age, playing in Campbell's "White Slave." From 1892-1894 she was Charles Frohman's leading lady. In 1900 she began her career as a star in a play entitled "One of Our Girls." In the same year she brought out "Mistress Nell" at the Bijou Theatre in New York. In 1911 she took the rôle of Jess Loraine in the play "The Real Thing," playing later many other important rôles in New York and in other parts of the United States.
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Cross Buns
small cakes prepared especially for Good Friday . They were appropriately marked with the sign of the cross, hence the name. They were always a popular feature of the English Lent, and some attempt has been made to revive their use in this country. The origin of the practice of serving cross buns is thought to be rooted in some heathen practice long forgotten. Chambers states that at Chelsea there were formerly two celebrated bun houses, besieged on Good Friday, both morning and night, by eager purchasers.
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Crossbill
a bird of the finch or sparrow family. The red or American crossbill is an inhabitant of evergreen forests from the Carolinas northward. The male is of a dull red color, with brown wings and tail. The female is of a dull olive green. The name comes from an apparent deformity of the bill. One tip turns to the right, the other to the left--a peculiar arrangement, which, combined with an ability to move the tips laterally, enables the bird to spread the scales of pine or other cones in search of the seed within. It is a bird of the north. Its home is in the great coniferous forests. It nests about twenty feet from the ground. There is also a white-winged crossbill, and there are a number of Old World species. See Sparrow ; Grosbeak ; Cardinal
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Crothers
SAMUEL MCCHORD, an American clergyman of the Unitarian church and author. Born in Illinois in 1857, he graduated from Princeton in 1874 and received his theological education at Union Theological Seminary, New York. After serving pastorates in California, Nevada, and Vermont , he became in 1894 pastor of the Unitarian Church in Cambridge, Mass . A few years later he was appointed one of the preachers at Harvard University. His writings are mostly of the familiar essay type and are classics in English style. Most of them were originally written for the "Atlantic Monthly." ly." Among his best known works are "The Pardoner's Wallet" (1905); "The Gentle Reader" (1903); "By the Christmas Fire" Friends" (1910); "Humanly Speaking (1908); "Among (1912); "Oliver Wendell Holmes and His Fellow Boarders" (1909); "Three Lords of Destiny" ( 1913).
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