Croup
a term used in Scotland from of laryngeal symptoms, was first applied an early period to describe a certain train by Dr. Francis Home, in 1765, to an affection of the larynx, in which there is acute inflammatory and non-contagious the formation of a false membrane or of the windpipe. The invasion of the disfibrinous deposit on the mucous surface may be very insidious. If the patient is ease resembles that of simple catarrh, and not relieved by coughing or vomiting up some membranous shreds and glairy mucus, a state of greater dyspnea ensues. A period of extreme restlessness and suffering is (unless relieved by immediate treatment ) death from increasing coma, syncope, or exhaustion. soon followed by atmosphere of low temperature, espe- Croup seems to be caused by a damp cially in exposed situations. It is most frequently met with between the years of two and ten, though all ages are liable to suffer from it. It is commoner in boys than girls.
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Crow-bar
A steel or iron bar, with one end forged to a wedge. Bars of this kind are usually employed for chiselling, digging, and lifting. When it is desired to make a lever of such bars, for pinching at the backs of wheels, etc., the end should be formed with a "heel," some slight distance back from the point which acts as a fixed fulcrum. See LEVER.
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Crowder
ENOCH HERBERT, an American soldier, born in Missouri in 1859. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1881 and was commissioned 2d lieutenant of the 8th Cavalry in the same year. He became major and judge-advocate in 1895 and lieutenant-colonel and judge-advocate of volunteers in 1898. He was honorably discharged from volunteer service in 1901 and was made lieutenant-colonel and judge-advocate of the United States Army. He was promoted to be colonel and judge-advocate-general in 1903; brigadier-general and judge-advocategeneral in 1911; and major-general and judge-advocate-general in 1917. He saw service in the Philippine Islands; in Manchuria with the Japanese Army; and in Cuba, where he was Secretary of State and of Justice from 1906 to 1908. From May, 1917, to July, 1919, he was provostmarshal-general of the United States Army. In this capacity he had general charge of the carrying out of the draft laws and in this work performed distinguished service. In March, 1919, he acted as advisor to the Cuban Government on the subject of changes in the election legislation. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal "for especially meritorious and conspicious service" as provost-marshal-general during the war.
ENOCH HERBERT, returned to Cuba in 1921 as the personal representative of President Harding. He assisted in the drafting of a new legislative code for the island and was also successful in straightening out Cuba's finances. On February 9, 1923, he was nominated by President Harding to be American ambassador to Cuba.
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Crowe
EYRE, an English historical and genre painter; born in London, in October, 1824; studied painting in the atelier of Paul Delaroche in Paris. He went with that artist to Rome in 1844. Acting as amanuensis to William M. Thackeray, Thackeray, he visited the United States in 1852-1853. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1876. Among his paintings are "Goldsmith's Mourners" (1863); "Friends" (1871); "French Savants in Egypt" (1875); "The Rehearsal" (1876); "Marat: 13 July, 1793," "The Blind Beggar," and "The Queen of the May," in 1879; "Queen Eleanor's Tomb" and "Forfeits," in 1880; and "Sir Roger de Coverley and the Spectator at Westminster Abbey" (1881); "How Happy Could I be with Either!" and "The Defense of London in 1643" (1882); "Old Porch, Evesham," in 1884, etc. He wrote "With Thackeray in America" (1893); "Haunts and Homes of Thackeray" (1897). He died in 1910. troublesome weed
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Crown Chuck
A chuck for holding watch crowns while undergoing repairs of various kinds. Figure 73 illustrates the Dale chuck, which is made on the lines of the ordinary split wire chuck, a large recess being turned in the end for the reception of the crown. The draw-in of the chuck holds the crown firmly in place. Fig. 74 illustrate the Johanson chuck, which is intended to hold all sizes of crowns, from the smallest to the largest. The figure clearly shows the adjustment of parts. This chuck is manufactured in two styles, one like Fig. 74, which is ready to insert into a number 40 wire chuck of an American lathe, while the other style is mounted on a regular chuck and is always ready to insert into the lathe head, the same as an ordinary split chuck.
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Crown-plate
The plate which covers in the core of a loam-mould, as a pan, kettle, or condenser core, or any casting where the metal flows over the top when the mould is filled. When the arch of a kettle core is turned with bricks entirely, the last courses of bricks are termed the crowning-courses. See COURSE; KETTLE.
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Crown-Wheel
A wheel whose teeth are set at right angles to its plane. A contrate wheel. The escape wheel of the verge escapement is a crown wheel.
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Croydon
a municipal and parliamentary borough of England, in County Surrey, 10 miles S. of London, of which it is practically a suburb; near the sources of the Wandle, and near the Banstead Downs. The town, which is a favorite residence of merchants and business men, retired tradesmen, etc., is surrounded by fine villas, mansions, and pleasure-grounds. It is a place of ancient origin, but from its recent rapid increase Of special inis almost entirely new. terest are the remains of the ancient palace, long a residence of the archbishops of Canterbury. Pop. (1919) 184,239.
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Crozet Islands
a group of four uninhabited islands in the South Indian Ocean, between Kerguelen and Prince Edward Islands. They are all of volcanic origin, and the most easterly of them, East Island, has peaks ex exceeding 4,000 feet. The largest, Possession Island, is about 20 miles long by 10 broad.
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