Cameron (JOHN a Scotch scholar born)
JOHN, a Scotch scholar; born in Glasgow about 1579, and educated at the university of that city. In 1600 he went to the Continent, where his ab ability and erudition secured for him several appointments at Bergerac, Sedan, Saumur, and other seats of learning. Returning to Great Britain in 1620, he was two years later appointed principal of the University of Glasgow; but in less than a year he returned to Saumur, and thence to Montauban, where he received a divinity professorship. Here, as at Glasgow, his doctrine of passive obedience made him many enemies, by one of whom he was stabbed in the street, and he died from the effects of the wound in 1625.
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Cameron, Richard
Richard (1648-1680), a Scottish covenanter. When the Scottish Stuarts on the throne of England turned to the Catholic faith, he resisted their authority openly, and took to the hills and mosshags at the head of his followers. The government put a price on his head. He and his supporters were surrounded in a moss in Ayrshire and cut to pieces. Cameron's head and hands were taken to Edinburgh. Under the name of the Cameronians his followers were long a separate sect in Scotland. The reformed Presbyterians claim to be the lineal successors of the Cameronians. See Covenanters ; Presbyterians
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Camisards
the title given to the Protestant insurgents in the Cévennes, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, from having worn their shirts over their dress by way of disguise, on the occasion of some nocturnal attacks. Their principal leader, Cavalier, succeeded so far as to effect a capitulation in their favor with the French government. He subsequently entered the English service, and at his death was Governor of Jersey.
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Camorra
a well-organized secret society, once spread throughout all parts of the kingdom of Naples. At one time the Camorristi were all-powerful, levying a kind of blackmail at all markets, fairs, and public gatherings, claiming the right of deciding disputes, hiring themselves out for any criminal service from the passing of contraband goods to assassination. They had central stations in all the large provincial towns, and a regular staff of recruiting officers. At the end of the 19th century the political power gained by the Camorra had become so notorious and scandalous, that the Italian Government found it necessary to interfere. This resulted in the complete political defeat of the Camorra. The society thereupon returned to its original character and resumed blackmailing, extortion, robbery, and murder. Its activities eventually were suppressed, at least to a certain extent, by the trial and conviction, in 1912, of its this end, the ships were painted with zigprincipal leaders.
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Camp (Space occupied by an army)
the space occupied by an army halted with tents pitched. A Roman encampment was, as a rule, a square, each side of it 2,150 Roman or 2,077 1-3 English feet. Each of the sides had a gate. The principia, or principal street, ran from side to side, not quite bisecting each of them. In the rear of it was another one parallel to the first. Behind this, part of the allied forces were encamped. In the center, between the two streets, were the quarters of the prætor commanding and his staff. Between the principia and the front of the camp the body of the troops were encamped. A street called quintana ran parallel to the others through the center of this main part of the camp, and five streets crossed it at right angles. In modern camps, if not near the enemy, infantry are distributed on dry ground, the cavalry near water, the artillery near good roads, the hospital and transport in rear. If near the enemy, they are arranged in order of battle. An intrenched camp is one surrounded by earthworks. A flying camp is one to be occupied for a very brief period. A camp of instruction is one formed for the reception of troops to be maneuvered.
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Camp (WALTER an American writer)
WALTER, an American writer on athletics; born in New Haven, Conn., April 7, 1859. He was graduated at Yale (1880) and soon attained prominence with such writings as "Book of " B V ~ ト CONCEALED LISTENING POST A. As it looks to the enemy. College Sports," "American Football," etc. He was very active in the management of Yale's athletics. He edited various weekly papers devoted to sports and was a frequent contributor to popular magazines. CAMPAGNA DI ROMA (käm-pän'yä), the coast region of middle Italy, in which Rome is situated, from 30 to 40 miles wide and 100 long, and forming the undulating mostly uncultivated plain A B. Rear view showing observer. which extends from near Civita Vecchia or Viterbo to Terracina, and includes the Pontine Marshes. The district is vol- U. S. TRANSPORT, WITH DAZZLE CAMOUFLAGE canic, and its lakes, Regillus, Albano, Nemi, etc., are evidently craters of extinct volcanoes. The soil is very fertile in the lower parts, though its cultivation is much neglected, owing to the malaria which makes residence there during midsummer very dangerous ; and during the
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Campanini (Italian musical director born)
Italian musical director, born at Parma, Italy, in 1860. He studied music at the Royal Conservatory at Parma and made his first appearance as director in that city in 1881. His reputation spread rapidly through Italy and to other countries of Europe, and to South America. From 1897 to 1906 he was principal director of the Royal Opera, Covent Garden, London. His first visit to America was made in 1883, and from 1906 to 1909 he was director of the Manhattan Opera Company. From 1910 to 1913 he was general musical director of the Chicago and Philadelphia opera companies. He was general manager of these companies since 1913. Among notable productions which he conducted were "Salome," "Natoma," "Thaïs," "Samson and Delilah," and "Monna Vanna." He received many orders from the crowns of Italy, Austria, Spain, and Portugal, and from several countries in South America. He died in 1919.
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Campanini (ITALO k m-p n n an Italian)
ITALO (käm-pä-në'nē), an Italian singer; born in Parma, June 29, 1846. He served in Garibaldi's army in two campaigns, when only 15 years of age. He studied at the Parma Conservatory for one year, and in an appearance as the notary in "La Sonnambula" he was unsuccessful. He then studied with Lamperti at Milan, and in successful appearance made a "Faust" at La Scala, Milan. In 1872 he appeared in London, and a year later came to the United States as a member of the Nilsson Company, appearing in "Lucrezia Borgia." For a number of years he was considered the finest of living tenors. A disease of the throat afterward somewhat impaired his voice. He died near Parma, Italy, Nov. 23, 1896.
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