Cooper, Peter
Peter (1791-1883), an American inventor, manufacturer, capitalist, and philanthropist. He was a native of New York . He had a very meager common school education. His father was a hat-maker, and he himself learned the trade of coachmaking. Among his inventions were a cloth-shearing machine and various mechanical devices. He manufactured glue for many years. He constructed the first locomotive engine built in America. He took interest in the Erie canal , in the first Atlantic cable , and was the first to roll wrought iron beams for fireproof structures. In 1876 he received 100,000 votes as the presidential candidate of the Independent party. He will be remembered as the founder of Cooper Union , which see.
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Coorg
or KURG, an ancient principality, now a province in southern Hindustan, lying between Mysore on the E. and N. E. and the districts of South Canara and Malabar on the W.; area, 1,583 square miles. The country has a healthful climate, and yields coffee, spices, timber, etc. The capital is Merkara. Pop. (1901) 180,607.
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Copacabana
a small peninsula in the S. part of Lake Titicaca, Peru, which was a sacred place of the Incas and where many ruins of their temples and other buildings can still be seen. Thousands of pilgrims yearly visit the chapel there, which contains an alleged miraculous painting of the Virgin.
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Copaiba
the balsam or oleo-resin obtained from incisions made in the trunk of copaifera multijuga and other species of copaifera. Copaiba is about the consistence of olive-c olive-oil, light in color and transparent, with a peculiar odor, and an acrid, aromatic taste; it is perfectly soluble in an equal volume of benzene; it does not become gelatinous when heated to 270° Fahr., and is not fluorescent. It contains a resin, copaivic acid, and an essential oil, copaiba oil. It dissolves one-fourth of its weight of magnesia carbonate when heated, and remains transparent; it is said that a small quantity of water contained in the balsam first combines with the magnesia, forming a hydrate which is soluble in the resin. Copaiba acts as a stimulant on the mucous membranes, especially on the genito-urinary organs.
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Copan
an Indian village in the S. W. corner of the Central American State of Honduras; in a mountainous region; the site of a city still populous at the time of the conquest, and of which magnificent ruins still remain; first described by Stephens.
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Cope-ring
A cast-iron ring for the purpose of carrying the cope of a loam-mould. The inside diameter is made large enough to clear a tapered seating formed below, or past the mould at the bottom, the impression of which is carried in the brick cope built upon the ring. See SEATING; GUIDE; LOAM-MOULDING.
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Copeck
a Russian copper coin, so called from the impression of St. George bearing a lance, the hundredth part of a silver ruble, or about the eightieth part of a paper ruble.
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Copeland
CHARLES TOWNSEND, an American author and educator, born in Calais, Me., in 1860. He graduated from Harvard University in 1882. From 1893 to 1910 he was lecturer on English literature at Harvard, assistant professor from 1910 to 1917, and associate professor from 1917. He was Harvard University lecturer in the Lowell Institute on the university extension courses in English literature. He was the author of "Life of Edwin Booth" (1901), and edited "Letters of Thomas Carlyle to His Youngest Sister"; "Tennyson's The Princess"; and the works of other English poets.
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Copeland (II)
DR. ROYAL S., United States Senator from New York, was born at Dexter, Michigan, Novembe November 7, 1868. He was educated at the High School, the Michigan State Normal College, and the University of Michigan, receiving from the latter a degree in medicine. From 1895 to 1908, he was professor there of eye and ear diseases, and from 1908 to 1918, was dean of the Flower Homeopathic Medical College, New York. During his residence at Ann Arbor, Michigan, he was elected mayor for two terms, 1901 to 1903. In 1918 he was made Commissioner of Public Health of New York City, and in 1922 received the Democratic nomination for U. S. Senator, being elected by a plurality of 260,000 votes for the term 1923-29. COUÉISM. (See AUTOSUGGESTION).
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Copenhagen
UNIVERSITY OF, the oldest university in northern Europe and the only one in Denmark, founded in 1478 and modelled after the university of Cologne, to which most of the Danish students had gone prior to that date. The university suffered so much from the wars and commotions attending the Reformation that it had to be re-established in 1539, this time taking as its model the university of Wittenberg. Destroyed by fire in the 18th century, it was established in its present form in 1788. During the first half of the 19th century many men famous in Norse scholarship taught at Copenhagen. It is open to both sexes and its present enrollment (1919) is over 3,000. It is enlowed, but a great share of its income is derived from the state. There are no charges for tuition. Attached to it are zoölogical and botanical gardens.
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Copepoda
an order of Crustacea, ranked under the subclass entomostraca and the legion lophyropoda. They are animals of small size, the body divided into two segments, viz., a cephalothorax and an abdomen. There are two pairs of antennæ, two pairs of footjaws, and five pairs of ordinary feet furnished with bristles and adapted for swimming. There are two families, the cyclopidæ, which have but a single eye; and the cetochilide, which have two eyes. The English book-name of the Copepoda is oar-footed crustaceans.
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Copernicus
or KOPPERNIGK, NICHOLAS, a noted astronomer; born in Thorn, Poland, Feb. 19, 1473. Having studied medicine at Cracow, he afterward devoted himself to mathematics and astronomy, and in 1500 taught mathe- Rematics at Rome with great success. turning to his own country he was made 00000 00 0000000 NICHOLAS COPERNICUS a canon in the cathedral of Frauenburg, and began to work out his new system of astronomy. Doubting that the motions of the heavenly bodies could be so complicated as the Ptolemaic system made them, he was induced to consider the simpler hypotheosis that the sun was the center round which the earth and the other planets revolve. Besides this fundamental truth Copernicus anticipated many other of the principal facts of astronomical science, such as the motion of the earth round its axis, the immense distance of the stars which made their apparent position the same from any part of the earth's orbit, etc. His general theory also enabled him to explain for the first time many of the important phenomena of nature, such as the variations of the seasons and the precession of the equinoxes. The great work in which Copernicus explained his theory "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs," was completed in 1530, and published at Nuremberg in 1543. He was excommunicated by the Pope on account of it. He died at Frauenburg, May 24, 1543.
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