Courtrai
a fortified town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, 26 miles S. of Bruges, on the Lys. Before the World War it was well built, having handsome and spacious streets, and a fine Grande Place, with several other squares. Its manufactures are table-linens, lace (which is celebrated), cambrics, cotton goods, etc., and it has extensive bleaching and dyeing works. Here, in 1302, took place the "battle of spurs" between the French and F Flemings. During During the WORLD WAR (q. v.) it was at various times the scene of important military operations. Pop. about 36,000.
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Cousin
VICTOR, a French philosopher; born in Paris, Nov. 28, 1792. He founded a school of eclectic philosophy; combining the doctrines of the Scotch school of Reid and Stewart, based on sensation, with those of Schelling and Hegel, which rest on the opposite principle of idealism or intuition. He possessed in a high degree the faculty of clear exposition, and for that reason his lectures and his writings enjoyed a great popularity. He rendered a memorable service both to philosophy and literature by his translation of "Plato," praised by Jowett. Besides his "History of Philosophy" and other works on that theme, he was author of a few biographical sketches. He died in Cannes, Jan. 2, 1867.
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Coutts
THOMAS, a Scotch banker; born in E Edinburgh, Sept. 7, 1753; the son of a merchant and banker. his brother James he founded the banking house of Coutts and Co. in London, and on the latter's death in 1778 became sole manager. Keen and exact in matters of business, although charitable and hospital in private, he left a fortune of some $4,500,000 at his death in London, Feb. 24, 1822. By his first wife, who had been a servant of his brother, he had three daughters, who married respectively the Earl of Guilford, the Marquis of Bute, and Sir Francis Burdett, Bart.; in 1815 he married Miss Mellon, the actress.
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Covenant (Law an agreement between two)
in law, an agreement between two or more parties in writing, signed, sealed, and delivered, whereby they agree to do, or not to do, some specified act. In theology, the promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, conditional on certain terms on the part of man, as obedience, repentance, faith, etc. In international politics an expression used to designate the terms on which agreements between nations are based. See LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
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Covent Garden
a garden once belonging to the abbot of Westminster. The original spelling was Convent. The old garden was cultivated by monks. It was surrounded by a wall, and extended from the Strand to the open country. In 1552 the land, some seven acres, passed into the hands of the Bedford family as a gift from the king. This gift was accompanied by a permit to maintain a market, with which none should be allowed to compete. Market gardeners sold their vegetables here. In 1831 the Duke of Bedford erected vast market buildings, in which the housewife may do her shopping. He derives a revenue of $75,000,000 a year from rentals. London citizens complain of this monopoly and point to the fact that the city of Manchester derives a revenue of $70,000,000 from a similar market owned by the public. The Covent Garden Market is now one of the sights of London. It is the greatest fruit, flower, and vegetable market in the world. The utmost neatness is required. From eight to ten in the morning the show of fruit and the fragrance and brilliancy of the flowers convert the market into a paradise. The Garden gives its name to the locality, and to a number of buildings in the vicinity, including Covent Garden Theater, open only to money and full dress.
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Coverdale
MILES, the earliest translator of the Bible into English; was born in Yorkshire , England, in 1487. He was educated at Cambridge , and was ordained priest in 1514. He was led some years afterward to embrace the reformed doctrines, and, having gone abroad , assisted Tindall in his translation of the Bible. In 1535 his own translation of the Scriptures appeared, with a dedication to Henry VIII. Coverdale was almoner to Queen Catharine Parr, and officiated at her funeral, In 1551, during the reign of Edward VI., he was appointed Bishop of Exeter, but was ejected on the accession of Mary, and thrown into prison . After two years' confinement he was liberated, and proceeded first to Denmark, and subsequently to Geneva , where he was employed in preparing the Geneva translation of the Scriptures. On the accession of Elizabeth he returned to E gland, and held for a short time the rectory of St. Magnus , London Bridge. He died in London , in 1568.
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Coverdale, Miles
Miles (1488-1568), an English bishop and reformer. He was educated at Cambridge and was ordained a priest at Norwich in 1514. He was led to embrace the reformed doctrines. In 1535 he published a translation of the Scriptures, dedicated to Henry VIII. This was the first printed version of the entire Bible. He went to France and was engaged in superintending the printing of a revised English version, when interrupted by the ecclesiastical authorities, who seized and destroyed the greater part of the impressions already completed. The types and presses were taken to England and enabled Cranmer's Bible, called the Great Bible, to be printed. Coverdale was made bishop of Exeter during the reign of Edward VI; but, on the accession of Mary, he was ejected and thrown into prison. After two years he was liberated and went abroad, where he assisted in preparing the Geneva Bible. His writings are numerous.
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Covering-plate
A cast plate of any desired form provided with prickers for carrying the rammed sand or swept loam on its surface. Its use is principally in loam-moulding, as a final covering part, after cores and cope have been closed together in their respective places. Also called top-plate. See PLATE; PRICKERS ON PLATES; LOAM-MOULDING.
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Coverley
Sir Roger de, the chief member of an imaginary club under whose direction the Spectator was professedly edited. The character was originally sketched by Steele, but developed by Addison. Sir Roger is represented as a country gentleman, simple minded but warm hearted, amiable, and eccentric. Sir Roger de Coverley is not to be described by any pen but that of Addison. He exhibits, joined to a perfect simplicity, the qualities of a just, honest, useful man, and delightful companion. . . . Addison dwelt with tenderness on every detail regarding him, and finally described Sir Roger's death to prevent any less reverential pen from trifling with his hero.--Tuckerman.
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