Cannon
large guns for hurling projectiles by means of explosives. Cannon were used by Edward III against the Scots in 1327; by the French against the Flemish in 1338; and by the English at the battle of Crecy and at the siege of Calais in 1346. The first cannon were built like a keg, of iron bars surrounded by hoops and iron rings. The first cannon balls were made of stone. Later a method of casting hollow canon was invented. In 1749 the French hit upon a method of casting cannon solid, and of boring them out afterward. Celebrated guns of American patterns are the Parrott, the Dahlgren, the Rodman, and the Gatling. Modern cannon are expected to throw their projectiles farther than the report can be heard. See Gun ; Rifle ; Artillery ; Armstrong ; Krupp ; Gatling ; Armor ; Battleship Armored automobile with rapid-fire gun. Cannon Krupp disappearing gun. Cannon Field gun and ammunition wagon in position. Cannon Protected rapid-fire gun. Cannon Balloon gun. Cannon
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Cannon
ANNIE JUMP, an American astronomer, born in Dover, Del., in 1863. She received her education at Wellesley College. In 1897 she became a staff assistant in the observatory of Harvard College and was made curator of astronomical photographs. She achieved a reputation as an observer and cataloguer, having discovered three new stars and 150 variable stars, besides a spectroscopic binary. She was the author of an extensive bibliography of variable stars. Among her publications are "Second Catalogue of Variable Stars" (1907); "Maxima and Minima of Variable Stars of Long Period" (1909); (1909); and "William Paton Fleming" (1911).
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Cannon
JOSEPH G., announced his retirement from Congress, Feb. 13, 1922.
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Cannon
A long cylindrical tube for throwing projectiles by the explosion of gunpowder. The date of the invention and the name of the inventor are unknown. It is certain that King Edward employed cannon at the battle of Cressy, A.D. 1346, but records are extant showing that they were known in France as early as the year 1338; and Isaac Vossius asserts that they were used in China seventeen hundred years ago. The earliest cannon were made by hooping iron bars, or of sheets of iron rolled up and fastened together. These cumbersome machines were used for throwing large stones in the manner of the ancients. These were gradually supplanted by brass cannon of much smaller calibre, which threw iron and lead balls; they were first cast of a mixture of tin and copper, which was naturally called gun-metal, but subsequently cast-iron guns came into use on account of their being so much cheaper. See ORDNANCE.
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Cannon (II)
JOSEPH GURNEY, an American public official, born in Guilford, N. C., in 1836. He was educated in the public schools and after studying law was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1858. From 1861 to 1868 he was State's attorney of the 27th Judicial District of Illinois. He was elected to the 43d Congress in 1873, and was re-elected to successive Congresses until 1891, when he was defeated. From 1893 to 1913 he was successively re-elected and was defeated again in 1914, but was successful in the election of 1915. He was also re-elected in 1917 and in 1919. He was chairman of the Committee on Appropriations in the 51st, 55th, 56th, and 57th Congresses, and was speaker of the House in the 58th, 59th, 60th, and 61st Congresses. In this position he became one of the most prominent political figures in the country. He also had a large part in the formation of the most important legislation passed during his period of office. He was the oldest member of the House of Representatives in the point of years of service. In the Republican National Convention of 1908 he received 58 votes for the presidential nomination. He was a frequent contributor to magazines on political subjects.
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Cannon Pinion
The pinion to which the minute hand is attached; so called on account of the pipe attachment resembling a cannon. To Tighten a Cannon Pinion. The cannon pinion is sometimes too loose upon the center arbor. Grasp the arbor lightly with a pair of cutting nippers, and by a single turn of the nippers around the arbor, cut or raise a small thread thereon. CAP. The part of the case that covers the movement. A thin metal cover used in some English, Swiss and German watches to cover the movement and attached by studs and a sliding bar or spring.
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Cannon-Ball Tree
a name given to a South American tree-Couropita guianensis-from the large size and globular shape of its fruit. It belongs to the order Lecythidacea. The fruit is vinous and pleasant when fresh, but emits an intolerably offensive odor when in a state of decay. It is known in Cayenne as the "Abricot Sauvage," i. e., Wild Apricot. The shells are used as drinking utensils; the seeds are eaten by monkeys.
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Canon-Law
the body of ecclesiastical law as laid down by the canons.
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Canoness
a lady holding a similar position to a canon. Canonesses still exist in Germany.
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Canonical Books
the books of Scripture belonging to the canon.
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Canonical Hours
certain stated times of the day appropriated by ecclesiastical law to the offices of prayer and devotion in the Roman Catholic Church, viz., matins with lauds, prime, tierce, sext, nones, even-song or vespers, and compline.
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Canonicals
the dress or vestments of the clergy.
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Canonization
a ceremony in the Roman Church, by which deceased persons are declared saints. The Pope institutes a formal investigation of the miraculous and other qualifications of the deceased person recommended for canonization; and an advocate of the devil, as he is called, is appointed to assail the memory of the candidate. If the examination is satisfactory, the Pope pronounces the beatification of the candidate, the actual canonization generally taking place some years afterward, when a day is dedicated to his honor, his name inserted in the canon or Litany of the Saints in the Mass, and his remains preserved as holy relics.
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Canonsburg
a borough of Washington co., Pa., on the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis railroad. It is in the center of an important coalmining region and has manufactures of pottery, tin plate, steel, stoves, iron, stove pipes, etc. It is the seat of the Pennsylvania Training School, Schoo the Washington and Jefferson College, and other institutions. Poμ. (1910) 3,891; (1920) 10,632.
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