Carlskrona
or KARLSKRONA, the capital of a Swedish province, built on five rocky islets in the Baltic, 240 miles S. S. W. of Stockholm. It was founded in 1680 by Charles XI., who gave it his own name, and made it the great naval station and arsenal of Sweden, instead of Stockholm. It has a magnificent harbor, with a sufficient depth of water to float the largest vessels. The only practicable entrance is strongly defended. Pop. (1919) 27,642. KARLSRUHE CARLSRUHE, or (kärls'rö-è), the capital of the republic of Baden, situated 5 miles E. of the Rhine, and 39 W. N. W. of Stuttgart, 34 S. S. W. of Heidelberg, Founded in 1715, and built in the form of a fan, with 32 streets radiating from the former grand-ducal palace, it has a number of fine buildings-the palace itself (1751- 1776), the parliament-house theater (1853), the town hall (1821), the museum (1852), with a library of about volumes. 200,000 Before the palace stands a bronze statue of the city's Charles William; founder, the Margrave and in the market-place is a stone pyramid inclosing his remains. The manufactures include machines of various sorts, engines, locomotives, railway carriages and wagons, jewelry, carpets, chemical products, and cloth. There are numerous educational institutions. During the World War it was bombed several times by Allied aeroplanes. Pop. about 135,000.
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Carlsruhe
karls'roo. See Baden
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Carlyle
THOMAS, an English author, born in Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, Dec. 4, 1, 1795. He was the eldest son of James Carlyle, a mason, afterward a farmer, and was intended for the Church, with which object he was carefully educated at the parish school and afterward at the burgh school of Annan. In his 15th year he was sent to the University of Edinburgh, where he developed a strong taste for mathematics. Having renounced the idea of becoming a minister, after finishing his curriculum (in 1814) he became a teacher for about four years, first at Annan, afterward at Kirkcaldy. In 1818 he removed to Edinburgh, where he supported himself by literary work, devoted much time to the study of German, anó THOMAS CARLYLE
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Carman
(WILLIAM) BLISS, a B., April 15, 1861. He was educated at Canadian poet, born in Fredericton, N. versity of Edinburgh, and Harvard Uni the University of New Brunswick, Uni versity. His first publication , "Low Tide (1893), had a very favorable reception. on Grand Pré: A Book of Lyrics" Other volumes of his collected poems "Behind the Arras: A Book of the Un are: "Songs from Vagabondia" (1894) ; seen" (1895); "More Songs from Vagabondia" (1896); "Last Songs from Vag (1902-1905); "Daughters of Dawn" abondia" (1900); " Pipes of Pan" (1912); (1912); "April Airs" (1916); etc. His poems frequently appear first in American magazines and other periodicals. "Echoes from Vagabondia" south Wales. It is on the Bristol Chan- CARMARTHENSHIRE , a county of nel and has an area of 918 square miles, about one-third of this being waste land. The chief industry is the mining of coal, copper, lead, and iron. Cattle-raising is also an important industry, and there principal towns are Carmarthen, the are manufactures of woolen goods. The county town, Llanelly, Newcastle, and Kidwelly. Pop. about 165,000. tine, extending from the Plain of Es-
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Carman, William Bliss
William Bliss (1861-), a Canadian poet. He was born at Fredericton, New Brunswick . His education was received at the universities of Edinburgh and Harvard. He studied both law and civil engineering. In 1886 he returned to Harvard and studied philology and English literature . He has done journalistic work on New York and Boston papers and as editor of The Literary World. He is the author of many poems. The best known volumes are probably the series entitled Songs from Vagabondia, More Songs from Vagabondia, and Last Songs from Vagabondia. These were produced conjointly with Richard Hovey. Low Tide on Grand Pre, A Sea Mark, Ballads of Lost Haven, Behind the Arras, and A Winter Holiday are other volumes by Carman. He is also the author of many delightful prose essays, descriptive of the homes and haunts of birds and wild game. Over the shoulders and slopes of the dune I saw the white daisies go down to the sea, A host in the sunshine, a snowdrift in June, The people God sends us to set our hearts free.
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Carmelite
an order of mendicant friars and nuns, who wear a scapulary, or small woolen habit of a brown color, thrown over the shoulders. They claim to be in direct succession from Elijah, but their real founder was Berthold, a Calabrian, who, with a few companions, migrated to Mount Carmel about the middle of the 12th century, and built a humble cottage with a chapel, where he and his associates led a laborious and solitary life. In 1209, Albert, patriarch of J Jerusalem, gave the solitaries a rigid rule, containing articles, and enjoining the most severe discipline. After their establishment in Europe, their rule was in some respects altered, the first time by Pope Innocent IV., and afterward by Eugenius IV. and Pius II. The order is divided into two branches, viz., the Carmelites of the ancient observance, ealled moderate or mitigated, and those of the strict observance, who are known as the barefooted Carmelites. There are about 500 Carmelite nunneries and convents.
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Carmen Sylva
the pen-name of Elizabeth, Queen of Rumania, born Dec. 29, 1843; the daughter of Prince Hermann of Wied-Neuwied, and Maria of Nassau; married King (then Prince) Charles of Rumania in 1869. Her only child, a daughter, died in 1874, and out of this great sorrow of her life arose her literary activity. Two poems, printed privately at Leipsic in 1880 under the name "Carmen Sylva," were followed by "Storms" (1881); "Leiden's Erdengang" (1882); translated into English as "Pilgrim Sorrow" (1884); "Jehovah" (1882); "Ein Gebet" (1882); "Thoughts of a Queen" (1882); etc. Many of the translations in "Rumanian Poetry" (1881) are from her pen. Another book, in which she worked into literary form country, is "Pelesch-Märchen" (1883). In the war of 1877-1878, as muma rantilor ("mother of the wounded"), she endeared herself to her people by her devotion to the wounded soldiers, and since that time she diligently fostered the national women's industries. She died at Bucharest on March 2, 1916.
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