Cartago
a town of Costa Rica, 12 miles E. of the present capital, San José, on a plain to the S. of the constantly smoking volcano of Irazú (11,500 feet). Founded in 1522, the place had 23,000 inhabitants in 1823, and was capital of the state till 1841, when it was all but destroyed by an earthquake. Pop., about 5,000.
a town of Cauca, in Colombia, foun founded in 1540, on the Rio Rio Viejo, three miles above its junction with the Cauca, and producing cocoa, tobacco, and coffee. Pop. about 10,000.
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Cartel
an agreement for the delivery of prisoners or deserters. Cartelship, a ship commissioned in time of war to exchange prisoners.
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Carter
LESLIE, an American actress, born in Lexington, Ky., in 1862. She made her first appearance on the stage in 1890 in "The Ugly Duckling." Under the tuition of David Belasco she acquired great dramatic skill and her appearance in 1895 in "The Heart of Maryland" made an immense sensation. This was followed in 1898 by "Zaza" and in 1901 by "Du Barry." In 1910 she ap appeared in in a play entitled "Two Women." She has also played in some of the plays by George Bernard Shaw.
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Cartier
JACQUES, French a navigator, born in St. Malo, Dec. 31, 1494. He commanded an expedition to North America in 1534, entered the Straits of Belle Isle, and took possession of the mainland of Canada in the name of Francis I. Next year he sailed up the St. Lawrence as far as the present Montreal. He subsequently went to found a settlement in Canada, and built a fort near the site of Quebec. He died about 1554.
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Cartridge
a ready-made charge for a gun. In early days, powder, a wad, a bullet or shot, and a second wad were rammed home from the muzzle in succession. In the earlier cartridges for muzzle loading the lead occupied one end of a paper cylinder, the powder the other. The soldier inserted the cartridge between his teeth, tore a hole in the powder end, poured the powder into the gun, and then rammed lead and paper after it. Modern cartridges for breech-loaders are furnished with metal and pasteboard shells. A fulminating cap is placed in the metal shell, so that, on being struck by the hammer, a spark discharges the powder. Shells are recapped and reloaded. They are described in accordance with the amount and kind of powder, the amount and size of the lead, and the caliber or diameter of the cylinder. See Rifle ; Ammunition ; Powder ; Sepoy
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Cartwright
JOHN, the "Father of Reform," was born in Marnham, England, Sept. 17, 1740. At 18 he entered the navy, saw some service under Howe, and in 1766 was gazetted first-lieutenant of the "Guernsey" at the Newfoundland station. He returned in 1770, and was appointed in 1775 major to the Notts militia. He then began to think and write on political questions, and found himself unable to take service under Lord Howe in North America. From the beginning he advocated annual parliaments, vote by ballot, and manhood suffrage, and throughout his busy life he advocated with equal ardor causes so different as reform in farming, abolition of slavery, the foundation of a Valhalla for English seamen, the improvement of national defenses, and the liberties of Spain and Greece. Cartwright was fined £100 for sedition in 1820. He died in London, Sept. 23, 1824.
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Cartwright, Peter
kart'rit, Peter (1785-1872), a famous circuit preacher. He was a native of Virginia. He died at Pleasant Plains, Illinois. In 1806 he was ordained by the Methodist church of Kentucky. He was a famous outdoor revivalist, a power in the camp meetings for which pioneer Kentucky and Illinois were noted. He was a man of ready wit, earnest eloquence, and sound common sense, but withal somewhat eccentric. On one occasion, it is related, he came down from the pulpit and threshed a rowdy who was disturbing the meeting. He then went back to the pulpit and finished his discourse. His rough and ready ways gave him a strong hold on the settlers. He sat in the legislature of Illinois. In 1846 Abraham Lincoln defeated him in an election for Congressman. In his Autobiography he tells us that he traveled sixty-five years, baptized over 12,000 persons, and preached over 15,000 sermons. See Methodists
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Carus
PAUL, an American journalist and philosophical writer; born at Ilsenburg, Germany, July 18, 1852. He was educated at Strassburg and Tübingen, but most of his life work was done in Chicago. There he was editor of the "Open Court" and the "Monist." He was a prolific and able writer on philosophical and religious themes, from the standpoint of a pronounced freethinker. His publications include "The Soul of Man" (1891), "Monism and Meliorism" (1891), "The Religion of Science" (1893), "God: An Inquiry into Man's Highest Ideals" (1908), "The Mechanistic Theory and the Non-Mechanical" (1913), "Nietzsche and Other Exponents of Individualism" (1914). He died at La Salle, Ill., Feb. 11, 1919. ENRICO CARUSO
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Caruso
ENRICO, an Italian operatic tenor; born at Naples, Feb. 25, 1873. As a child, his voice attracted attention, and when only 11 years old he was singing in a church at Naples. He was taken in hand by singing masters of note, and for three years was a pupil of Vergine, Concone, and Lamperti. His début as an opera singer was made at the Nuovo Teatro, Naples, in 1894, in "L'Amico Francesco." He made a tour of Italy and was engaged for four seasons at La Scala, Milan. It was not until 1896, however, that he had a great triumph in "Traviata" at the Teatro del Fondo, Naples, and the opera world realized that a new star had arisen. Offers of engagements were showered upon him, and he sang in the chief capitals of Europe and South America. He came to the United States in 1903 and was hailed as the greatest tenor of the age. Since that time he sang every season in New York. The power, range, and beauty of his voice put him practically beyond comparison with any living tenor. He had a repertoire of over forty operas. He created rôles in Giordano's "Fedora," Mascagni's "Le Maschere," Puccini's "Boheme," "Madame Butterfly," and "The Girl of the Golden West." Between the New York seasons, Caruso often filled engagements in Europe and America. He died on Aug. 2, 1921.
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