Cassatt
ALEXANDER JOHN- STON, an American railway executive; born at Pittsburgh, Pa., Dec. 8, 1839. education at the Uni- He received his versity of Heidelberg and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. entered the service of the Pennsylvania railroad in 1861 in the capacity surveyor and worked his way up through the various branches of the service until in June, 1899, he became president of the system. He was a successful executive, and had many interests in banks, trust companies, and large corporations. It was chiefly due to his vision and enterprise that the Pennsylvania terminal in New York, with its tunnels under the Hudson and East rivers, was planned and built. He died at Philadelphia, Dec. 28, 1906.
MARY, an American figure and portrait painter, born in Pittsburgh, Pa.; studied art in Philadelphia and in Europe; and lived some time in Spain and France. One of the first to adopt impressionistic methods, she exhibited hibited some excellent work in the Paris Exposition of 1878; became a member of the Society of American Artists in 1880. As an etcher she ranks among the best. She painted almost exclusively women and children. Specimens of her art are in many American and European private and public collections. Her studio is at Paris.
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Cassava
kas'sa-va. See Tapioca
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Cassel
or 'KASSEL, formerly the residence of the Elector of Hesse-Cassel, is now the chief town in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, on the Fulda, 91 miles N. N. E. of Frankfort-on-the- Main. The Old and New Town are connected by a bridge over the Fulda. There are several fine squares, in the principal of which, the Friedrichsplatz, the largest in any town in Germany, stands the palace of the ex-elector, an indifferent structure. There is a museum and library (250,000 vols.), and a valuable picture-gallery. The city has manufactories of machinery, mathematical instruments, gold and silver wares, , porcechemicals, knives, gloves, leather chemi lain, etc. There are many fine walks and public gardens in the vicinity; among the latter are the gardens of Wilthe helmshöhe, in which is situated exresidence of elector's summer palace, the Napoleon III., while he was a prisoner , from Sept. 5, 1870, to March 19, of war 1871. Pop. about 170,000.
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Cassia
kash'a. See Senna
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Cassimere
kas'si-mer, a general term employed to designate a large class of woolen fabrics used for men's clothing. They are woven plain, twilled, and in a variety of fancy effects. The yarns are spun from wool prepared by the carding process. The patterns are produced in the loom and are usually plaids, checks, and stripes in quiet colors. The quality of cassimere differs greatly. It is made sometimes with a cotton warp and wool or shoddy weft. This is called union cassimere. It has been estimated that fully one-half of the men's ready-made clothing produced in the United States is of cassimere.
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Cassiquiari
kas-se-ke-a're, a unique river of Venezuela. It branches off from the upper Orinoco, taking nearly half of the water of that stream, and flows westerly over 100 miles into the Rio Negro, one of the main tributaries of the Amazon. The Cassiquiari is a deep, rapid, navigable stream. With the Rio Negro it forms a continuous waterway between the Amazon and the Orinoco. See Amazon ; Orinoco
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Cassius
full name CAIUS CASSIUS LONGINUS, one of the assassins of Julius Cæsar. In the civil war that broke out between Pompey and Cæsar he espoused the cause of the former, and, as commander of his naval forces, ren-ince of Naples; on the site of the ancient dered him important services. After the battle of Pharsalia he was apparently reconciled with Cæsar, but later was among the more active of the conspirators who assassinated him, 44 b. c. He then, together with Brutus, raised an army, but they were met by Octavianus and Antony at Philippi. The wing which Cassius commanded being defeated, he imagined that all was lost, and killed himself, 42 B. C.
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Cassock
the tight-fitting coat worn under the gown or surplice by clergymen. In the Catholic church the cassock of the priest is black; that of the bishop is purple; of the cardinal, scarlet; and of the pope, white. The name was applied formerly to a loose, outer gown worn over other garments.
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Cast Iron, To Braze
Clean the parts to be joined and tin them well. They may be now placed together in the sand, or elsewhere, and melted brass poured over them. See SOLDERING.
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Cast Iron, To Chill
Important: Safety Warning
This page describes trade processes that use dangerously toxic materials such as cyanide solutions, mercury amalgams, or strong acids. These processes require training, equipment, and precautions far beyond what the text describes.
This information has been left in for historical purposes but should not be acted upon.
Use soft-water, 10 gallons; salt, 1 peck; oil of vitriol, 1/2 pint. Heat to a cherry red and dip, continuing to dip until hard enough. See CASE-HARDENING.
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Castaigne
ANDRÉ, a artist; born at Angoulême, in 1861. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. From 1890 to 1895 he resided in the United States, was director of an art school in Baltimore and did a great deal of illustrating for the magazines, attracting attention by the spirit and and vividness of his work. In 1904 he published "Fata Morgana," a novel illustrated by himself.
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Castalides
a name given to the Muses.
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Castanets
a pair of wooden rattles. The name is derived from castania, the Latin name for chestnut, from the wood of which castanets are not infrequently made. Castanets are shaped not unlike the two halves of an oyster shell, only they are shallower, and more nearly circular. They are tied together loosely by a string and hung over the thumb, so that they fall within the palm of the hand. When the hand is shaken the castanets strike against the half closed fingers making a tremulous sound. They are played as an accompaniment to the guitar or to mark the time of dancers. It is supposed that their use was introduced by the Moors. They are still in favor among the peasants of Portugal, Spain, and southwestern France. More out of curiosity they have been introduced into English-speaking countries for concerts and the like.
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Caste
. See Brahmin; India
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Castellamare
(käs-tel-ä-mär'e), a fortified Italian seaport in the prov- Stabiæ where Pliny was killed. It has a dockyard and hospital, and manufactures sail-cloth, leather, linen, and silk. Its castle was built in the 13th century by Emperor Frederick II. It contains a convent founded by Gonsalvo de Cordova, which possesses a very celebrated image of the Madonna. In the 15th century the town was sacked by Pope Pius II., and in the 17th century by the Duke of Guise. Pop. about 35,000.
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