Carminative
a substance which acts as a stimulant to the stomach, causing expulsion of flatulence, also allaying pain and spasm of the intestines. They generally contain a volatile oil; most of the ordinary condiments, as pepper, mustard, ginger, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, oil of peppermint, etc., are carminative. They are used in cases of distension, and colic of the stomach, or intestines from flatulence, also as adjuncts to purgatives to prevent griping, and to promote digestion in cases of atonic dyspepsia.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Carmine
the fine red coloring matter or principle of cochineal, from which it is prepared in several ways, the result being the precipitation of the carmine. It is used to some extent in dyeing, in water-color painting, to color artificial flowers, confectionery, etc.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Carmona
a town of Andalusia, Spain, 27 miles E. N. E. of Seville by rail, is picturesquely situated, and commands an imposing view of the valley of the Guadalquivir. Julius Cæsar speaks of Carmo or Carmona as "by far the strongest city of the whole province of further Spain." Recent important excavations on the site of the ancient necropolis, to the W. of the modern town, have brought to light a large number of tombs and funeral triclinia in almost perfect preservation. Considerable portions of the Moorish wall and Alcazar still remain.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Carnarvonshire
a county in the northern part of Wales. It has an area of 565 square miles, of which one-half is pasture land. The surface in general is important are There mountainous. mines of copper, lead, zinc, and coal. Dairying is the chief agricultural industry. The principal towns are Carnarvon, the county seat; Bangor, and Conway. Pop. about 130,000.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Carnatic
a region on the E. or Coromandel coast of India, now included in the presidency of Madras, extending inland to the Eastern Ghats, and lengthwise from Cape Comorin to 16° N. It extended for about 600 miles along the E. coast, and from 50 to 100 miles inland. The name Karnataka was originally applied by its Mohammedan conquerors to Mysore and the country above the Ghats. In course of time the same term has come to be applied exclusively to the country below the Ghats. The Carnatic is no longer an administrative division, but is memorable as the theater of the struggle between France and England for supremacy in India.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Carnauba
the Brazilian name of the palm Corypha cerifera, which has its leaves coated with waxy scales, yielding by boiling a useful wax. The fruit and pith are eaten, the leaves are variously employed, and the wood in building.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Carnegie (Borough of Pennsylvania)
a borough of Pennsylvania, in Allegheny co. It is on the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis, the Pittsburgh, Chartiers, and Youghiogheny, and the Wabash bash Pittsburgh Terminal railroads. Its chief industry is the manufacture of steel and it is also an important coal-mining center. In addition there are manufactures of The city lead, stoves, and granite ware. has a public library, Elks' Home, orphan asylum, high school, and other public buildings. Pop. (1910) 10,009; (1920) 11,516.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Carnegie Foundation
an institution which aims to help the teaching force in higher institutions of learning by providing allowances on retirement from active service. The full name of the organization is the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, It came into existence April 16, 1905, and $ 10,000,000 was provided by Mr. Carnegie as funds for the institution. Care was taken that only higher institutions of learning should participate in the advantages offered by the fund. The Foundation during the period of its existence has distributed many millions of dollars in pensions. Changes have been made from time to time in the management of the work by the trustees, one of these changes involving a certain contribution by the teachers to an insurance and annuity plan. In 1920 the permanent endowment of sixteen and a quarter million dollars had been approximately doubled by the setting aside of one million dollars of accumulated surplus and the receipt of eleven million dollars in new funds to be used in terminating the old pension system of the Foundation, and two million dollars for the inauguration of a new plan. Over six and a half million dollars had been distributed to professors and their widows under the old plan, and the Foundation has provided for the distribution of sixty million dollars for the retirement of the six thousand teachers who were in the associated institutions in 1915.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Carnegie Institution of Washington
an organization for the encouragement of investigation, research, and discovery. It was founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1902. He gave the institution $10,000,000 to start with. In 1907 he gave an additional $2,000,000. It is the intention of the institution to encourage original investigators by providing funds and facilities necessary to carry on work that ordinary institutions of learning cannot afford. The funds are handled by men of scholarship and integrity. Ex-President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard is a member of the board. In 1908 a desert botanical laboratory was maintained at Tucson, Arizona; a station for experimental evolution at Cold Spring Harbor, New York ; a marine biological laboratory at Tortugas, Florida; a laboratory at Washington, D. C.; a solar observatory on Mount Wilson, California; a nutrition laboratory at Harvard. A large number of special investigators were granted salaries and were given funds to be used in connection with university departments for research, especially in history, economics, and sociology. An appropriation was made to build a non-magnetic sailing vessel for magnetic observations in the Atlantic. Luther Burbank was granted a sum sufficient to enable him to devote himself entirely to experimental work. The publications of the institute numbered about 150 volumes in 1909. These books are sought eagerly in exchange by institutions of learning both at home and abroad.
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
Carnelian
A semi-transparent mineral only distinguished by its colors (the various shades of red) from agate, jasper, etc. Finest specimens of this mineral come from India; it has a glimmering lustre and is sometimes found a dark blood-red, passing into a greenish-brown. It is infusible. Its composition is silex 94, alumina 3.5, lime 1.5, oxide of iron 0.75. Carnelian was much preferred by the ancients for engraving upon. See PRECIOUS STONES.
Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding