Castelnau
ÉDOUARD DE CURI- ÈRES DE, a French military officer born at St. Afrique in 1851. He was studying at the military school at St. Cyr, which he had entered in 1869, when the Franco-Prussian War broke out. He tely applied for a commission immediately and served through the war, rising to the rank of captain. Later he rose through the various grades of the service, became general in 1906, and when General Joffre was designated as commander-in-chief in case of war (1913), Castelnau became his chief-of-staff. At he commanded the outbreak of the war, the Army of Lorraine, and was charged with the defense of Nancy. From Sept. 6 to 12, 1914, a tremendous battle raged for the possession of the city, which was regarded as the "Gate to Paris," and the Bavarian army under Crown Prince Rupprecht was defeated. Castelnau was hailed as the "Savior of Nancy." In 1915 he was in charge of the French offensive in the Champagne, and in 1918 when the armistice was signed he was preparing, jointly with General Pershing, for a great attack upon Metz.
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Castillon
), a town in the French department of Gironde, on the right bank of the Dordogne, 33 miles E. of Bordeaux by rail. Beneath its walls, on June 13, 1453, the English met with a signal defeat, their leader, Earl Talbot of Shrewsbury, and his son, being slain. Part of the battle is described in the fourth act of Shakespeare's "King Henry VI., Part I." Pop. about 3,500.
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Castle of the Interior Man, The
The mystical name given to the seven stages of the soul's ascent towards the Divinity. These seven processes of psychic evolution are briefly as follows: (1) The state of prayer, being concentration on God; (2) The state of mental prayer, in which one seeks to discover the mystic significance of all things; (3) The obscure night, believed to be the most difficult, in which self must be utterly renounced; (4) The prayer of quietism, complete surrender to the will of God; (5) The state of union, in which the will of man and the will of God become identified; (6) The state of ecstatic prayer, in which the soul is transported with joy, and love enters into it; (7) The state of ravishment, which is the mystic marriage, the perfect union, and the entrance of God and Heaven into the interior man.
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Castlebar
the capital town of curred here the massacre of the English Parliamentary army in the Irish rebellion; in 1789 Castlebar was held for a fortnight by the French general, Humbert. Pop. about 4,000.
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Castlereagh
ROBERT STEW- ART, VISCOUNT (kas-el-rā'), second Marquis of Londonderry, an English statesman, born June 18, 1769; was educated at Armagh, and at St. John's College, Cambridge. He turned Tory in 1795, and next year became Keeper of tary from 1797, he bent his whole energies to forwarding Pitt's measure of union. Transferred by the union from Dublin to Westminster, he accepted office in the Addington ministry (1802) MEDIAEVAL CASTLE the Privy Seal; but he continued a steadfast supporter of Catholic emancipation. Still, he believed that emancipation with an independent Irish Parliament would mean simply a transference of tyranny from the Protestant oligarchy to a Catholic democracy; hence, as Chief Secrebut the true second era in his career was as President of the Board of Control; as War Minister under Pitt from July, 1805, to January, 1806, and again under Portland from April, 1807, to September, 1809. His real greatness begins March, 1812, when, as Foreign Secretary begins with under Lord Liverpool, he became the soul of the coalition against Napoleon, which, during the momentous campaigns of 1813-1814, was kept together by him, and by him alone. He represented England at the congresses of Châtillon and Vienna in 1814-1815, at the Treaty of Paris in 1815, at the Congress of Aix-la- Chapelle in 1818; and he was preparing to start for a congress at Verona, when, on Aug. 12, 1822, in a fit of insanity, he committed suicide with a penknife at Foots Cray, his Kentish seat.
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Castletown
a seaport and former capital of the Isle of Man, on Castletown Bay, 11 miles S. W. of Douglas. Castle Rushen, now a prison, occupies the site of a Danish fortress of the 10th century, which was almost wholly demolished by Robert Bruce in 1313. The grounds of Rushen Abbey (11th century), near the station, are now market gardens. Near by is the small building where the House of Keys assembled for about 170 years. Brewing, tanning, and lime-burning are carried on. Near Castletown is King William's College (1833), an Elizabethan pile, rebuilt after the fire of 1844, and enlarged in 1862. Pop. about 2,000.
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Castro Del Rio
a town in the province of Cordoba, Spain, 16 miles S. E. of the town of that name. It is picturesquely located on a slope above the Guadajoz, and is a prosperous and thriving town, with handsome private houses and public buildings. Its principal manufactures are linen, woolen, and earthen ware. It is an important market for the agricultural produce of the surrounding district. It has a beautiful church, tv two colleges, a hospital, and several convents. Pop. about 12,000.
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Cat Island
the name of several islands. (1) Cat Island, or Guanahani, an island of the Bahama group for centuries supposed to be identical with the San Salvador of Columbus, a surmise now disproved. Length, 36 miles; breadth, 3 to 7 miles; pop. about 2,500. (2) A steamboat landing on the Mississippi, in Crittenden co., Ark. (3) An island of Lake Huron, Canada, between Horse Island and the Isle of Cove. (4) An island at the mouth of Lake Borgne, La. American
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Cat-Tail
a plant of the swamps. A cluster of long, upright, sword-like leaves springs from the root. Two kinds of inconspicuous flowers are borne on a single tall stem at the height of a man's head. The fruit develops into a heavy, seal brown, cylindrical spike an inch or two in diameter. In pioneer days the cottony fruit was sometimes stripped from the stem and used in a tick as a substitute for feathers. In India elephants are fond of feeding on the cat-tail. The underground portion of the plant is starchy and is used in some countries for food. The cat-tail, with its long, graceful leaves and decorative cylinder of fruit, is a favorite plant with artists.
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