Cavan
a county in the province of Ulster, Ireland, having Longford and wister, Westmeath on the S., S., Fermanagh Fern and N., Louth on the E., Monaghan on the and Leitrim on the W. Area, 746 square miles. It is traversed by a number of rivers, of which the chief are the Blackwater, the Erne, the Annalee, and the 4 Woodford. The county is also interspersed by several lakes, Ramor , Sheelin , Gowna, and Oughter. The main crops are oats and potatoes, the ground being too wet and cold for diversified agriculture, although there is good grazing in the higher portions . The manufacture of linen and the distilling of whiskey are the chief industries . Pop. about 90,000, of whom about four-fifths are Catholics. The county sends two members to Parliament. The town of Cavan (pop. about 3,000) is the business center and county-seat.
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Cave
an underground chamber. Generally speaking it may be said that soaking, trickling, and running waters form caves by dissolving and removing rock material around some crack or fissure. In case of sandstone the cement is dissolved, and the stone falls into sand easily carried away. In limestone caves practically the same action takes place. Lava caves are due to the action of gas. Such are found near Naples, and in Iceland and Hawaii. For a basalt cave, see FINGAL'S CAVE . The Peak cave in Derbyshire, England, is half a mile in length and 600 feet below the surface. It is noted for marble formations in the form of cascades and trees. The deepest cave known is that of Frederikshall, Norway, 11,000 feet below the surface. Many of the European caves contain remains of the cave dwellers, the cave bear , the cave hyena, and of elephants all well preserved in deposits of lime. One of the most remarkable cave regions of the world is the limestone basin of the Ohio Valley. The various passageways of Wyandotte Cave in Crawford County, Indiana, have a total length of twenty-three miles. One stalagmite, called the Pillar of the Constitution, is 75 feet in circumference and 30 feet high. Monument Mountain is 175 feet high; and 75 feet overhead again is a vaulted dome, so lofty are some of the passages. See Mammoth Cave ; Stalactite
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Cave Bear
an extinct bear of Europe. In the floors of limestone caves in various parts of Europe the bones of a large bear have been found, to which the name of cave bear has been given. Its bones are found with those of many other animals now extinct. A belief is gaining ground that the cave bear was simply a large variety of the common brown bear of Europe. See Bear
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Caveat
in law, a process in a court to stop proceedings, as to prevent the enrollment of a decree in chancery in order to gain time to present a petition of appeal to the Lord-Chancellor . In the United States this name is given to a notice lodged in the patent-office by a person who wishes to patent an invention, but desires to be protected till he has perfected it. It stands good for a year, and may be renewed. See PATENT.
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Cavendish, Henry
Henry (1731-1810), a distinguished English scientific investigator of the eighteenth century. He belonged to a noble family. He studied at Cambridge, but did not take his degree. Cavendish was a lifelong bachelor. He used a fortune left him by an uncle to gratify his tastes in chemistry. He had a fine laboratory in which he shut himself off from the world completely. He was so unwilling to be interrupted that even his cook took orders from a note left in the hall. Cavendish made valuable discoveries in the composition of air and water, and, although he did not get the matter quite straightened out, he has high rank in the history of the development of chemistry. In 1766 he described inflammable air lighter than ordinary air, since recognized as hydrogen. This discovery was utilized at once in a series of efforts to construct balloons. He held to the phlogistic theory (see article on CHEMISTRY), but was puzzled to find that, after the outrush of "fire material" from substances burned in a receiver, the amount of air was diminished.
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Caviare
ka-ver', a table delicacy made from the roe or eggs of the sturgeon. The center of production is at Astrakhan, Russia, where caviare is prepared in immense quantities from the sturgeon caught in the Volga River. Of late the Lake of the Woods, on the boundary line between Canada and Minnesota, has become an important center of production, a company having practical monopoly of the immense number of sturgeon to be found in that body of water. In preparation the roe is washed in vinegar and dried in the sun, after which it is rubbed with salt and packed in small kegs. See Sturgeon ; Isinglass
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Cavitation
the partial vacuum produced in the air adjacent to the sur- ENCES. (See BRITISH EMPIRE.) BRONTIDES, a generic name proposed nds (Italian: bron- (Italian for the mysterious sounds tidi) resembling distant thunder or cannon and occurring in many parts of the world. They were first known widely India, as Barisal Guns, from Barisal, where they were of frequent occurrence. In Belgium they are known as mistas desert poeffers and in Australia sounds. In America their principal place of occurrence has been the vicinity of Moodus, Conn. (named by the Indians "place of noises"), whence they are known as Moodus sounds. They have been ascribed to various causes, chiefly subterranean. BUDGET. (See UNITED STATES, 1921: LEGISLATION.) BUYS BALLOT'S LAW. (See WIND, Vol. X.) faces of moving bodies. It is important Dragging in aeronautical engineering. cavitation is reduced by stream-lined construction, while the wings of airplanes are given a slightly arched shape or camber whereby their lifting power is increased through the suction purposely produced above.
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Cavour, Count
ka-voor', Count (1810-1861), an Italian statesman. He was born and educated at Turin. He studied abroad, particularly in England. He became the prime minister and adviser of Victor Emmanuel , the king of Sardinia. He bears the same relation to united and free Italy that Bismarck bears to the new German Empire , except that his task was a more difficult and delicate one, and that he carried it to success with less sacrifice of honor and morality. Italy had been split up by France and Austria into several kingdoms. In point of strength it might be compared to a lamb with these two large powers snarling and ready to devour. To rescue Italy from the jaws of Austria, without allowing it to fall into the mouth of France, and to unite the several petty kingdoms into one Italy was a difficult task; yet, barring the loss of Nice and Savoy to France, this was accomplished. Cavour was the statesman who planned the moves and formed the alliances. Victor Emmanuel was the man of action whose plume waved on the battlefield. See Italy
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