Chaille-Long
CHARLES (shaya'lon), an American explorer, born of French parentage, in Baltimore, Md., 1843. After serving in the Confederate army he went to Egypt, where he was appointed lieutenant-colonel by the Khedive (1870). Gordon made him chief-ofstaff and sent him on a mission to King Mtesa of Uganda. From 1887 to 1889 he was secretary of legation and consul- States in Korea. general of the United ited In 1897 he was a member of the Postal Congress and in 1900 of the special commission to the Paris Exposition. He died in 1917. He wrote: "The Three Prophets" (1886); "Central Africa" (1887); "My Life in Four Continents" (1912).
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Chain
A chain consists of a series of iron links welded one within the other. The very critical and particular uses made of chains in a foundry and elsewhere should suggest the propriety of devoting more attention to their careful preservation. The fewer their number the greater probability of a right selection and legitimate use. The tensile strength of good chain iron is about 41,000 lbs., but in order to maintain that high state of efficiency chains must not be subjected to the barbarous system of hammering one sees sometimes in order to release a few kinks. Another vile method is to take heavy lifts when one or more of the chains have been purposely shortened by twisting. A few fractured chains, and mayhap a life lost, would be of infinitely greater cost than a handy set of swivel-chains, by which means an even lift can be obtained as precisely as may be desired. Instead of being thrown down on the damp floor, chains should always be hung up and carefully protected from rust. An occasional heating to a dull red in a charcoal fire, followed by a long protracted cooling while shielded from the atmosphere, is of great service, and tends to restore the quality of ductility. Hard knocks, overstraining, lifting with twists, moisture, sudden changes of temperature are all favorable to crystallization, and hence fatal to the well-being of chains (see SWIVEL-CHAIN). For strength of chains and ropes, see ROPES.
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Chain Hook
A small book which is attached to each end of a fuzee chain, to fasten the chain to the barrel and fuzee.
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Chain, Forming a
In spiritualism, a term denoting the joining of the hands of the sitters round a table, whereby the magnetic current is strengthened and reinforced. The Baron de Guldenstubbé gives the following directions for forming a chain. " In order to form a chain, the twelve , the twelve persons each place their right hand on the table, and their left hand on that of their neighbour, thus making a circle round the table. Observe that the medium or mediums if there be more than one, are entirely isolated from those who form the chain." Dr. Lapponi, in his Hypnotism and Spiritism (trans. London, 1906), gives an account of the usual procedure for the formation of a chain. "He (the medium) makes those present choose a table, which they may examine as much as they like, and may place in whatever part of the room they choose. He then invites some of the assistants to place their hands on the table in the following manner: The two thumbs of each person are to be touching each other, and each little finger is to be in communication with the little finger of the persons on either side. He himself completes the chain with his two hands. The hands of all altogether rest on the edge of the table. (See Planetary Chains.)
Only in An Encyclopaedia of Occultism
Chain-slings
See SLINGS. Chalk is nearly a pure carbonate of lime; it effervesces with acids and burns to quicklime. In England it forms in beds sometimes more than 100 feet high. The solid stone is used for building with. It is an excellent lime for cement and a good polishing substance. See LIMESTONE.
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Chair
a piece of furniture. The essential part is a seat. It also has legs, a back, and frequently arms. Without a back a chair becomes a stool. Chairs were known among the Romans. Richly carved wooden chairs are heirlooms in the great German houses. Nothing seems more common than a chair. It is safe to assert, however, that three-fourths of the world's population do not use chairs, but sit on mats or on the ground, at table and when resting. The sense of dignity formerly attached to the occupancy of a chair may be traced in the use of the term in connection with a professorship, as the chair of modern history, the chair of Latin, etc. The one called upon to preside over a meeting is said to take the chair. A speaker addresses the chair. The head of a committee is called its chairman. See Furniture
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Chakras
These, are, according to theosophists, the sense organs of the etheral body (q.v.) and receive their name from their appearance which resembles vortices. Altogether there are ten chakras-visible only to clairvoyantsbut of these it is advisable to use only seven. They are situated, not on the denser physical body, but opposite certain parts of it as follows: (1) the top of the head, (2) between the eyebrows, (3) the throat, (4) the heart, (5) the spleen-(where vitality is indrawn from the sun). (6) the solar plexus, (7) the base of the spine. The remaining three chakras are situated in the lower part of the pelvis and normally are not used, but are brought into play only in Black Magic . It is by means of the chakras that the trained occultist can become acquainted with the astral world. (See Theosophy .)
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Chalcedon
a Greek city of ancient Bithynia, opposite Byzantium (Constantinople), at the entrance of the Black Sea Sea , about 2 miles S. of the modern Scutari. It was a flourishing town when it came into possession of the Romans, under the testament of Nicomedes, 74 B. c., as included in the kingdom of Bithynia. It was finally destroyed by the Turks, by whom it was taken, about 1075. In ecclesiastical history it is important as the place at which, in 451, Marcian held the general council for destroying the influence of Dioscuros and the Monophysites by formulating the belief in the existence of two natures in Christ.
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