Cavendish, Henry
Henry (1731-1810), a distinguished English scientific investigator of the eighteenth century. He belonged to a noble family. He studied at Cambridge, but did not take his degree. Cavendish was a lifelong bachelor. He used a fortune left him by an uncle to gratify his tastes in chemistry. He had a fine laboratory in which he shut himself off from the world completely. He was so unwilling to be interrupted that even his cook took orders from a note left in the hall. Cavendish made valuable discoveries in the composition of air and water, and, although he did not get the matter quite straightened out, he has high rank in the history of the development of chemistry. In 1766 he described inflammable air lighter than ordinary air, since recognized as hydrogen. This discovery was utilized at once in a series of efforts to construct balloons. He held to the phlogistic theory (see article on CHEMISTRY), but was puzzled to find that, after the outrush of "fire material" from substances burned in a receiver, the amount of air was diminished.
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Caviare
ka-ver', a table delicacy made from the roe or eggs of the sturgeon. The center of production is at Astrakhan, Russia, where caviare is prepared in immense quantities from the sturgeon caught in the Volga River. Of late the Lake of the Woods, on the boundary line between Canada and Minnesota, has become an important center of production, a company having practical monopoly of the immense number of sturgeon to be found in that body of water. In preparation the roe is washed in vinegar and dried in the sun, after which it is rubbed with salt and packed in small kegs. See Sturgeon ; Isinglass
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Cavitation
the partial vacuum produced in the air adjacent to the sur- ENCES. (See BRITISH EMPIRE.) BRONTIDES, a generic name proposed nds (Italian: bron- (Italian for the mysterious sounds tidi) resembling distant thunder or cannon and occurring in many parts of the world. They were first known widely India, as Barisal Guns, from Barisal, where they were of frequent occurrence. In Belgium they are known as mistas desert poeffers and in Australia sounds. In America their principal place of occurrence has been the vicinity of Moodus, Conn. (named by the Indians "place of noises"), whence they are known as Moodus sounds. They have been ascribed to various causes, chiefly subterranean. BUDGET. (See UNITED STATES, 1921: LEGISLATION.) BUYS BALLOT'S LAW. (See WIND, Vol. X.) faces of moving bodies. It is important Dragging in aeronautical engineering. cavitation is reduced by stream-lined construction, while the wings of airplanes are given a slightly arched shape or camber whereby their lifting power is increased through the suction purposely produced above.
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Cavour, Count
ka-voor', Count (1810-1861), an Italian statesman. He was born and educated at Turin. He studied abroad, particularly in England. He became the prime minister and adviser of Victor Emmanuel , the king of Sardinia. He bears the same relation to united and free Italy that Bismarck bears to the new German Empire , except that his task was a more difficult and delicate one, and that he carried it to success with less sacrifice of honor and morality. Italy had been split up by France and Austria into several kingdoms. In point of strength it might be compared to a lamb with these two large powers snarling and ready to devour. To rescue Italy from the jaws of Austria, without allowing it to fall into the mouth of France, and to unite the several petty kingdoms into one Italy was a difficult task; yet, barring the loss of Nice and Savoy to France, this was accomplished. Cavour was the statesman who planned the moves and formed the alliances. Victor Emmanuel was the man of action whose plume waved on the battlefield. See Italy
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Cavy
. See Guinea Pig
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Cawdor
a village in Nairnshire, Scotland, 5½ miles S. W. of Nairn. Cawdor Castle, near by, the seat of the Earl of Cawdor, was founded in 1454, but is one of the three places which tradition has assigned as the scene of King Duncan's murder by Macbeth in 1040. Pop. about 900.
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Caxamarca
or CAJAMARCA (kähä-märkä), a department and town of of Peru; area of the department 12,538 square miles; pop. about 443,000. The town is situated about 70 miles from the Pacific Ocean, 280 N. of Lima. Pop. about 10,000. It was the scene of the imprisonment and murder of Atahualpa, the last of the Incas.
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Caxton
WILLIAM, an English printer and and scholar, born in the Weald of Kent, about 1422. His "Recuyell (collection) of the Histories of Troy," translated by him from the French, appears to have been printed in 1474. It was the first book in English reproduced by typography. He set up a printing-office in Westminster, 1477; and on Nov. 18 of that year issued "The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers," folio, a work ever memorable as the first book printed in England. He printed in all 99 separate works, very many of them translated by him from the French; his translations even of Latin classic authors were made, not directly from the original language, language, but from French versions. He died in 1491.
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Cayenne
a fortified seaport, capital of French Guiana, on an island at the mouth of a river of the same name. A new town is connected with the older portion by the Place d'Armes, bordered with orange trees. The harbor is the best on the coast, but insecure and shallow. Cayenne is the entrepôt of all the trade of the colony and was formerly chiefly known as a great French penal settlement. The climate is extremely unwholesome for Europeans. The French took possession of the island in 1604, and again, after it had been held by the English and Dutch, in 1677. Pop. about 14,000. CAYENNE PEPPER. See CAPSICUM.
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Cayes
or AUX CAYES (ki), a seaport of Haiti, on the S. W. coast, 95 miles W. S. W. of Port-au-Prince. Pop. about 15,000.
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Cayman Islands
three islands situated about 140 miles N. W. of Jamaica, of which they are dependencies. Grand Cayman, the largest and the only one inhabited, is 17 miles long and from 4 to 7 broad, and has two towns or villages. The inhabitants, about 6,000 in number, partly descendants of the buccaneers, are chiefly employed in catching turtle. The other two islands are Little Cayman and Cayman Brac. Total area, 225 square miles.
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