Chamber of Commerce
an association of merchants and others with a view to promote the business interests of the town. Most American cities have such an organization. The newspapers contain daily items relative to their efforts in the line of favorable railroad rates, the establishment of manufactures, the reception of distinguished visitors, contributions to sufferers from great disasters, and the like. A committee from a chamber of commerce representing the united commercial interests of a city has more influence than that the same men exercise if acting on their own responsibility. This sort of association appears to have originated at Marseilles, in France, about 1400. It took definite form in 1650 and was imitated at Dunkirk, Paris, Lyon, Rouen, Toulouse, and Bordeaux. The first in Great Britain was organized at Glasgow in 1783; that of Manchester in 1820. The first in this country was established in New York as early as 1768.
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Chamberlain
(JOSEPH) AUS- TEN, an English public official born in Birmingham in 1863, the the son of the late Joseph Chamberlain. He was educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge, and at once entered official life. From 1895 to 1900 he was Civil Lord of the Admiralty, and from 1900 to 1902 was Financial Secretary of the Treasury. He was Postmaster-General in 1902-1913, and Chancellor of the Excheq- D. S. M. uer from 1903 to 1906. In 1913 he was appointed Chairman of the Royal Commission on Indian Finance and Cur - lish rency. He was Secretary of State for India from 1915 to 1917, resigning in the latter year. From April, 1918, he was a member of the Coalition War Cabinet. He was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in January, 1919. He was successively elected to Parliament from East Worcestershire from 1892 to 1914, and from Birmingham, West, since 1914.
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Chamberlain (BASIL HALL an English Japanese)
BASIL HALL, an English Japanese scholar; born Southsea, Oct. 18, 1850. He devoted his life to the study of Japanese customs and literature and was professor of Japanese and philology at the Imperial University of Tokio. Among his publications were "The Classical Poetry of the Japanese" (1880); "Translation of the Kojiki" (1883); "A Romanized Japanese Reader" (1886); "Language, Mythology and Geographical Nomenclature of Japan in the Light of Aino Studies" (1887); "Luchuan Grammar" (1895); "Things Japanese" (1890); "Japanese Poetry" (1910).
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Chamberlain (II)
GEORGE EARLE, an American legislator, born near Natchez, Miss., Jan. 1, 1854. He graduated from Washington and Lee University in 1876. In December of that year he removed to Oregon, which he has since made his home. He taught school and practiced law until 1880, when he was elected to the State Legislature. He was appointed State Attor- 1836. his father's ney - General in 1891 and was twice College elected Governor, in 1902 and 1906. On screw Jan. 19, 1909, he was elected to the which, United States Senate and re-elected in 1914. As chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs he was an influential factor in the prosecution of the World War. Though a member of the Democratic party, his views on preparedness brought him into conflict with President Wilson.
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Chamberlain (JOHN LOOMIS an American army)
JOHN LOOMIS, an American army officer; born at New York, Jan. 20, 1858. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1880. In the Spanish-American War he served as major of the United States Volunteers with the Seventh Army Corps. He had five years' service in the Philippines. He was appointed Major-General Oct. 6, 1917. His later service was in the department of the Inspector-Gener U. S. A., and, in his capacity as Inspector-General, he made a tour of inspection of the A. E. F. in France in 1918. He was awarded the
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Chamberlain (Officer charged)
an officer charged with the direction and management of the private apartments of a monarch or nobleman. an. The lord-chamberlain or lord-great-chamberlain of Great Britain is the sixth officer of the crown. His functions, always important, have varied in different reigns. Among them are the dressing and attending on the king at his coronation; the care of the palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament), and attending upon peers at their creation, etc. The office of lordchamberlain of the household is quite distinct from that of the great-cham- 27-Vol. II-Cyc berlain, and is changed with the administration. This officer has the control of all parts of the household (except the ladies of the queen's bed-chamber) which are not under the direction of the lordsteward, the groom of the stole, or the master of the horse. The king's (queen's) chaplains, physicians, surgeons, etc., as well as the royal tradesmen, are by his appointment; he is also the licenser of plays. He has under him a vice-chamberlain.
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Chambers
(CHARLES) HADDON, an English playwright, born at Stanmore, New South Wales, in 1860. He was educated in the public schools of Sydney, Australia, and privately. He was engaged for several years in the Civil Service of New South Wales and was later a stockrider. In 1882 he removed to England and engaged in journalism. He developed marked talent as a writer of plays and many of his productions were giv given successfully in England and the United States. They include "Captain Swift"; "John a' Dreams"; "The Tyranny of Tears"; "The Impossible Woman," and "The Days of the Duke."
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Chambers (II)
ROBERT WILLIAM, an American artist and novelist, born in Long Island, N. Y., 1865. He was one of the most prolific writers of fiction. Much of his work appeared in magazines. He wrote: "The King in Yellow"; "The Red Republic"; "A King and a Few Dukes"; "Cardigan"; "Lorraine"; "The Fighting Chance"; "The Firing Line"; "The Green Mouse"; "Streets of Ascalon"; "The Girl Philippa"; "The Restless Sex"; "The Crimson Tide," etc.
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Chambers (WILLIAM a Scotch prosewriter)
WILLIAM, a Scotch prosewriter and editor, brother and partner of Robert, born in Peebles, April 16, 1800. He wrote "Things as They Are in America" (1854); "American Slavery and Color" (1857); "France, its History and Revolutions" (1871); "Stories of Old Families and Remarkable Persons" (1878). He also compiled a "Hand Book of American Literature" (1857). He died in Edinburgh, May 20, 1883.
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