Cilicia
an ancient division of Asia Minor, now included in the Turkish province of Adana, which lay between the Taurus range and the Cilician sea, while the Amanus range separated it from Syria. The E. portion of Cili of Cilicia was fertile in grain, wine, etc.; the W. and more mountainous portion furnished inexhaustible supplies of timber to the ancients. The pass called by the Turks Gölek Boghaz (anciently Pylæ Cilicia) is that by which Alexander the Great entered Cilicia. In early ages Cilicia was ruled by its own kings; the people, who were probably akin to Syrians and Phœnicians, being notorious pirates. The country fell successively under Persian, Macedonian, and Syrian rule, and was made a Roman province by Pompey in 67 b. c.
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Cimabue
GIOVANNI (che-mä-bö'ā), distinguished Florentine a painter; born about 1240. Very little is known of his life, but he is said to have been a disciple of Giunta of Pisa; and he was one of the earliest painters who left off copying the hard and unnatural drawing the of Byzantine school, studied nature for himself, and contributed powerfully to the revival of art. The colossal "Madonna," which he painted for the Rucellai Chapel, in the Church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, is said to have excited extraordinary enthusiasm, and to have been carried in procession to the church, where it still remains. It was Cimabue who first discovered the genius of Giotto. He died about 1302.
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Cimmerii
or CIMMERIANS, an ancient nomadic race, inhabiting the , Crimea and parts of the neighboring country, having been expelled by the Scythians , passed along the shores of the Euxine, invaded Asia Minor, and pillaged Sardis, the capital of Lydia, 635 B. C. In that country they were said to have remained until about 617 b. c., when they were defeated and driven out of Asia Minor. Homer refers to another people of the same name, fabled to have dwelt in a land of perpetual darkness. Hence the term "Cimmerian gloom."
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Cimolite
a light gray, white, or reddish silicate of alumina, occurring sometimes massive, or of a slaty texture. It is very soft. It occurs at Argentiera; also at Nagpore, central India, and in some parts of Russia. The Nagpore specimens have been called also Hunterite.
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Cinder-bed
Sometimes called a coke-bed; a means by which all vents are provided with a sure outlet, from the mould, through the spaces formed by the cinders, and out at the vent-pipes. See VENTING. Cinder-pig is pig-iron obtained by treating in the blast-furnace rich slags and cinders along with ores or pig. See MILL-CINDER.
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Cinna
LUCIUS CORNELIUS, a Roman patrician, associate of Marius , and leader of the popular party during the absence of Sulla in the E. In 86 B. C. he was elected consul along with Cn. Octavius, and in violation of his oath to Sulla he attempted to overpower the senate, and to procure the recall of Marius and his party from banishment. In the contest which ensued he was defeated by his colleague and driven from the city. His office thus became vacant, and the senate appointed another consul in his stead. He soon re returned, however, along with Marius, and and laid siege to Rome. The senate were forced to capitulate; but while the votes of the people were being taken for the repeal of the sentence against Marius, he broke into the city, massacred the friends of Sulla, and allowed his partisans to commit frightful excesses. He was consul for the next three years; but Sulla , having brought the Mithridatic war to a close, resolved (84 B. c.) to return to Italy to inflict condign punishment on his enemies. Cinna prepared to resist him by force of arms, but was slain by a mutiny among his own troops. His daughter Cornelia married Julius Cæsar .
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Cinnabar
the ore of mercury. It is a red, compact, very heavy mineral, composed chiefly of mercury and sulphur. It is found in California, Mexico, Chile, Japan, Spain, and Hungary. Mercury is obtained from the ore by roasting it in a retort. The pigment vermilion, used by painters for a brilliant red, is an artificial cinnabar in the form of a bright red powder. See Mercury
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Cinque Foil
the name of a species of the genus Potentilla, which have fingered leaves. In architecture, it is an ornamental foliation or feathering, used in the arches of the lights and tracery of windows, panelling, etc.
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Cinque Ports
the sea-port towns of Dover, Sandwich , Hastings, Hythe, and Romney , England; to which two others were afterward added, viz., Winchelsea and Rye . These towns are incorporated , with peculiar privileges; most of which, however, have been A Lord been gradually abolished. Warden, most of whose special privileges have also been abolished, is still appointed and has his residence at Walmer Castle near Deal .
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Cinyras
Son of Apollo , king of Cyprus , and priest of the Paphian Aphrodite ( Venus ). By his own daughter, Myrrha, or Smyrna, he became the father of Adonis . Hence we find in the poets Myrrha called Cinyreia virgo and Adonis Cinyreius juvenis.
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Cipango
si-pang'go, in Marco Polo's Voyages a name given to a group of islands east of Asia, supposed to be Japan. Columbus and other navigators made diligent search for Cipango, which Marco Polo had pictured in glowing terms.
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Circle
a plane figure contained by one line, which is called the circumference, and is such that all straight lines drawn from a certain point (the center) within the figure to the circumference are equal to one another. The properties of the circle are investigated in books on geometry and trigonometry. Properly the curve belongs to the class of conic sections, and is a curve of the second order. A great circle of a sphere one that its coinciding with is has center that of the sphere. The celebrated problem of "squaring the circle" is to find a square whose area shall be equal to the area of any given circle. It is not All that can be done possible to do so. is to express approximately the ratio of the length of the circumference of the circle to the diameter, and to deduce the area of the figure from this approximation. If the diameter be called unity, the length of the circumference of the circle is 3.1415926535....; and the area of the circle is found by multiplying this number by the square of the radius. Thus the area of a circle of 2 feet radius is 3.14159×4, or 12.56636 square feet approximately. For trigonometrical calculations the circumference of the circle is divided into 360 equal parts called degrees, each degree is divided into 60 minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds.
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