Citron
the fruit of the citron-tree, resembling a lemon, but less acid in taste. It is a native of Asia. The tree has short and stiff branches, oblong-toothed leaves, flowers purple externally, and fruit generally large, warted, and furrowed, having a protuberance at the apex, with a very thick, spongy adherent rind and a subacid cid pulp. p. The Romans brought it from Media, where, however, it is not now, if it ever was, indigenous. It is at present cultivated in gardens in the warmer parts of both hemispheres. It furnishes oil of citron and oil of cedra.
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Citrus
a genus of Aurantiaceæ, trees and shrubs of tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate Asia, but many of them now cultivated in all similar clithe mates for their fruit. To it belong belong orange, citron, lemon, lime, bergamot, shaddock, forbidden fruit, etc.
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City
in a general sense, a town holding, from extent of population, favorable situation, or other causes, a leading place in the community in which it is situated. Popularly, also, it is used, both in Great Britain and France, to designate the old and central nucleus as distinguished from the suburban growths of large towns. The ecclesiastical sense of the term city is a town which is, or has been, the see of a bishop. This seems to be the historical use of the term in England, and still possesses some authority there, but to a considerable extent it has been superseded by the wider one. In the United States the application of the term is dependent upon the nature and extent of the municipal privileges possessed by corporations, and a town is raised to the dignity of a city by special charter. See MUNICIPAL GOV- ERNMENT. CIVET CAT
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City of Brotherly Love
. See Philadelphia
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City of Churches
. See Brooklyn
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City of Elms
. See New Haven
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Ciudad
the Spanish word for city, appearing in many names of Spanish Latin-American places.
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Civic Association
AMERICAN, an organization established in 1904 for the general purpose of cultivating higher ideals of civic life and to promote city, town, and neighborhood improvement. It has for an additional purpose the preservation and development of landscapes and the advancement of outdoor art. The work of the association is conducted on national lines by its varied activities for , the physical improvement of the various communities. It has devoted special attention to city planning and the creation and maintenance nce of parks, the elimination of smoke, billboards, and other nuisances, and the organization of citizens into working groups for civic improvement. The association did valuable work in the preservation of the scenic beauty of Niagara Falls. It also took a prominent part in the movement for the protection of the national parks. Its headquarters are in Washington.
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Civics
the science that treats of citizenship and the relations between citizens and the government. It embraces ethics, or social duties; civil law, or governmental methods; economics, or the principles of finance and exchange; and the history of civic development. The study of this science has been largely introduced into the schools of United States.
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Civil Engineering
the science or art of constructing machinery for manufacturing purposes, constructions and excavations, for general transit, as canals, docks, railroads, etc. It is so called in contradistinction to military engineering, which is confined to war.
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Civil Law
the law of a state, city, or country; appropriately the Roman law comprised in the Institutes, Code, and Digest of Justinian, and the Novel Constitutions.
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Civil List
the annual allowance voted to the members of the reigning family in constitutional monarchies in which Parliament possesses control of the finances of the country.
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Civil Service Reform League
an organization founded in 1881, for the purpose of investigating the efficiency of governmental civil service. It has performed effective work in this connection and largely through its influence many important civil service measures have been passed. During the World War its work was especially valuable in securing civil service efficiency as a factor in military success. After the signing of the armistice in November, 1918, the League effected an investigation into the sources of inefficiency in the civil service at Washington, and recommended the reorganization of the Civil Service Commission.
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Civilization
a condition consisting in what may be broadly called culture in a nation; and a nation may be considered as civilized when a large proportion of those belonging to it have their intellectual and moral faculties and all their higher nature in large measure developed and becoming increasingly so with the advance of years. Before this can take place, a considerable amount of material prosperity must have been achieved, between which and the culture already described there are continual action and reaction. Regarding progression in material prosperity, certain ty, certain stages tend to occur: (1) a barbarous one, in which one feeds on roots, fruits, and fishes, when these last can be caught without effort; (2) the state of a hunter; (3) that of the shepherd, in which, to avoid the uncercertainty of the result in hunting, wild animals are domesticated; (4) the agricultural state, and (5) that of manufactures and commerce. Regarding mental advance it has been maintained that nations necessarily passed through a theological, a metaphysical, and a positive or scientific stage.
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Civita Vecchia
ort, 50 miles Italian fortified port, an N. W. of Rome, on the Mediterranean, The harbor is both a commercial and naval one, and was originally constructed by the Emperor Trajan; the town indeed owed its origin entirely to the port of this emperor, and hence came to be known as Portus Trajani. The harbor is formed by y two moles and a breakwater, on which latter is a lighthouse. The place, which became a free port under Pope Innocent XII. in 1696, is regularly visited by steamers from many Italian, French, and English ports. It suffered at the hands of the Goths and Saracens, and was occupied by the French in 1849. The Papal troops opened the gates of the fortress to the Italian general Bixio in 1870. Pop. about 18,000.
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Clackmannanshire
the smallest county of Scotland, at the head of the Firth of Forth. Area, 55 square miles; pop. about 35,000.
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