Claudianus
A celebrated poet, in the age of Honorius , who is considered by some writers to equal Vergil in the majestic character of his style. Claudius, T. Drusus Nero. Son of Drusus, became emperor of Rome after the death of Caligula . He went to Britain, and obtained a triumph for victories achieved by his generals. He suffered himself to be governed by favorites whose avarice plundered the state and distracted the provinces. He was poisoned by Agrippina , who wished to raise her son Nero to the throne.
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Claudius Crassus
APPIUS, a Roman decemvir (451 and 450 b. c.), who gained the high favor of his fellowcitizens by his ability and activity. In ability and , however, the latter year show his real aims toward absolute and illegal power. The growing indignation of the Roman populace reached a height on account of his grossly tyrannous action toward Virginia, daughter of a respected plebeian named Lucius Virginius, who was abroad with the army. The proud patrician gained possession of the person of the maiden by pretending that she was the born slave of one of his clients. Her lover Icilius summoned her father Virginius from the army, but another mock-trial again adjudged the girl to be the property of the decemvir's client. To save his daughter from dishonor, the unhappy father seized a knife and slew her. The popular indignation and the father's appeal to the army overthrew the decemviri, and the proud Appius was flung into prison, where he died by his own hand. The story is specially familiar to English readers from Macaulay's "Lays."
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Clausewitz
KARL VON (klouz'evētz), a Prussian military officer; born in Burg, June 1, 1780. He served with distinction in several campaigns in the Prussian and Russian services in 1815, became chief of a Prussian army corps, the army and was ultimately director of school, and inspector of artillery. He died in Breslau, Nov. 16, 1831. Of his works the best known are his great book "Of War" (3 vols., 4th ed., 1880), and his "Life of Scharnhorst."
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Clavaria
a genus of fungi, some species of which are edible. CLAVERHOUSE. See GRAHAM, JOHN.
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Clavichord
a key and stringed instrument, not now in use, being superseded by the pianoforte. Its form is that of a small pianoforte; it has no quills, jacks, or hammers. The strings are all muffled, and the tone is produced by little ends of the brass wedges, placed at the keys, which, when pulled down, press against the middle of the strings, acting as a bridge to each.
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Clavigero
FRANCESCO SA- VERIO (klā-ve-hā'ro), a Spanish historian; born in Vera Cruz, Mexico, about 1720. He was educated as an ecclesiastic, and resided 36 years in the provinces of New Spain, where he acquired the languages of the Mexicans and other indigenous nations, collected many of their traditions, and studied their historical paintings and other monuments of antiquity. On the suppression of the Jesuits by the Spanish government in 1767 Clavigero went to Italy, the Pope assigning him a resi- In dence in in Cesena, where died he in wrote 193 his دو
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Claxton
KATE (MRS. CHARLES A. STEVENSON), an American erican actress; born in Somerville, N. J., in 1848. She made her début at Daly's Theater before she was out of her teens, but her success dates from 1873 when she acted Mathilda in "Led Astray." As Louise in "The Two Orphans" she attained great celebrity. She was playing the part at the Brooklyn Theater when, on the night of Dec. 5, 1876, that structure was destroyed by fire with great loss of life. After 1896 she toured the country in emotional plays with her own company, retiring from the stage in 1904.
PHILANDER PRIEST- LY, an American educator; born in Bedford co., Tenn., Sept. 28, 1862. He graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1882 and pursued special studies at Johns Hopkins University, 1884-1885; became professor of pedagogy at North Carolina State Normal and Industrial College in 1896; and was appointed United States Commissioner of Education in 1911. He has written largely on educational subjects.
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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
a convention between the United States and Great Britain, concluded April 19, 1850, and deriving its name from John M. Clayton, Secretary of State of the United States, and Sir Henry Bulwer, British Minister at Washington. The object of the treaty was to aid the construction of an inter-oceanic canal on either the Nicaragua or Panama routes.
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Cleaner
A moulder's tool, and frequently styled a "lifter." It is an important implement, made in different lengths and widths, principally from steel. It consists of a long flat blade, to slick or smooth the sides of confined webs; one end, being forged to a toe at right-angles with the blade, serves to lift out loose sand from such webs, and also to smooth the bottom. See SLICKER. The workman who removes sand and cores from castings is usually styled a cleaner. See CHIPPER; SAND-BLAST.
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Cleaning Mainsprings
Workmen have often been seen cleaning a mainspring by seizing it with a rag and then drawing it out pitilessly and unmercifully. No other consequences can follow such treatment than the breakage of the spring on the earliest possible occasion. Cleaning is best done in the following manner: Lay the spring in benzine. As soon as the adhering oil is dissolved, take it out and seize it with a soft linen rag which imbibes the greater part of the adhering benzine. Cover the palm of the left hand with a corner of the rag; put the spring flat upon it and with the index finger of the right hand, around which another part of the rag is wound, press gently upon it, and let it assume a conical shape; by suitable motions of the finger while wiping, the spring will turn, and every part of its blade may easily and thoroughly be cleansed of all impurities. A spring treated in this manner will be freed of all matter, while at the same time its molecular arrangement is not violently interfered with, in a way calculated to injure its elasticity.
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