Clove
the unopened flower bud of an aromatic tropical tree. The name is from the French clou, meaning a nail, suggested by the shape. The clove tree is an evergreen from ten to forty feet in height, native to the Molucca or Spice Islands . Its cultivation has spread to the nearer parts of southeastern Asia, to eastern Africa, to Brazil, and to the West Indies . Cloves formed an important article of caravan south of Good Hope was discovered, Portraffic. When the passage around the tugal got possession of the principal clove-producing islands and held them with inhuman efforts to monopolize a money-making traffic. The cloves of commerce are the dried flower buds. The calyx is about half an inch long with a four-cleft border. The round knob in the center of the calyx is the dried corolla. If allowed to ripen, the fruit resembles an olive. Chambers states that the annual clove production of Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa is 2,000,000 pounds. Cloves are a favorite seasoning in cookery. A bit of clove inserted in the hollow of a troublesome tooth will frequently relieve the toothache. Oil of cloves is obtained by heating cloves in water. It is a remedy for nausea. See Spice ; Magellan Clove. Flowering branch, flower bud
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Clovis Vis
first king of the Franks in Gaul, reigned as sole king from 558 to 561. CLOTAIRE II., a king of the same Merovingian dynasty, reigned over the Franks 30 years later.
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Clowes
WILLIAM LAIRD, an English naval critic and miscellaneous writer; born in London, Feb. 1, 1856. He was educated at King's College, London; and from 1876 to 1895 was correspondent for various newspapers. He wrote much on naval development and on art and sociology. He died Aug. 14, 1905.
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Club Tooth
The form of tooth shown in Fig. 223 and for lever escape wheels, having a part of the impulse angle on the tooth. See Lever Escapement.
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Clugny
or CLUNI (klön'yē) (ancient Cluniacum), a town of France in the department of Saône-et-Loire, on the Grône, 46 miles N. of Lyons. There are seen the ruins of a celebrated abbey. The monks of the Order of Clugny were the first branch of the order of Benedictines, and took their name from the above town, where they were first established. The Benedictines having become very lax in their discipline, St. Odo, abbot of Clugny, in 927, not only insisted on a rigorous observance of the rules by the monks under him, but likewise introduced new ceremonies of a severer nature. These new rules soon came to be observed in the principal monasteries in France, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Britain; and by the 12th century the order numbered about 1,000 cloisters in different parts of Europe. The order was abolished in France in 1790. Pop. about 4,000.
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Clutch
A mechanism for connecting two shafts with each other, or with wheels, in such a manner that they may be readily disengaged.
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Clymene
the daughter of Oceanus, and mother of Atlas and Prometheus.
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Clymer
GEORGE, an American patriot; born in Philadelphia, in 1739. He entered mercantile life when a lad and acquired a competence. He was prominent in public affairs prior to the Revolution, and in 1775 became one of the first Continental treasurers . He was chosen in 1776 to succeed a member of the Continental Congress who had refused to sign the Declaration of Independence, to which he promptly affixed his signature, although not on the 4th of July. He was active in the patriot cause during the Revolution, and in 1787 was a member of the convention that framed the Constitution of the United States and a member of the First Congress of ville, Pa., Jan. 23, 1813.
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Clynes
JOHN ROBERT, a British Labor leader; born at Oldham, England, in 1869. He represented the Labor party in Parliament beginning with 1906. In 1918 he was appointed Food Controller. He was President of the National Union of General Workers and Chairman of the Executive Council.
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Clyster
an antiquated term for enema.
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Clytie
or Clytia, in Greek mythology, an ocean nymph. She became enamored of Helios, the sun god. Her affection was not returned and she pined away in consequence. For nine days she sat on the cold ground and mourned, but ever with her face turned toward the sun. At last the gods pitied her and allowed her to be transformed into a flower. Her feet grew downward into the ground and became roots; her body and arms became the plant, and her pretty face became a blossom, which turns always toward the sun. Thenceforth she was called the heliotrope, which means "sun-turning."
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Cnossus or Knossos
an ancient city of Crete and the probable capital of the semi-legendary ruler Minos, whose palace, including the famous Labyrinth of the Minotaur, has been uncovered by the British archæologist Sir Arthur Evans. A well-advanced civilization is exhibited by the ruins, dating back probably to 3500 B. C. COAL FACT-FINDING COMMIS- SION. (See UNITED STATES, 1922-23.)
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Coach
. See Carriage ; Car ; Stage ; Cab Roots of soy bean, showing nodules Soy bean
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Coadjutor
a Latin term, nearly synonymous in its original meaning with assistant. The term is especially applied to an assistant bishop appointed to act for and succeed one who is too old or infirm for duty.
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Coagulation
the act or process being coagulated, of or of changing from a liquid to a curd-like semi-solid state, produced without evaporation and without crystallization. It differs from congestion in not being attended by a fall of temperature in the substance coagulated. When blood is drawn and allowed to stand it emits a "halitus" or exhalation, which has a faint smell. In three or four minutes a film overspreads the liquid, commencing at the circumference and gradually y spreading to the center. Two or three minutes later the lower part of the blood, in contact with the vessel, becomes solidified, and then the whole mass, only about eight or nine minutes being needful for the whole process from first to last. In about 15 or 20 minutes a thin serum begins to exude from it, and goes on to do so for two or three days.
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