Claudius Crassus
APPIUS, a Roman decemvir (451 and 450 b. c.), who gained the high favor of his fellowcitizens by his ability and activity. In ability and , however, the latter year show his real aims toward absolute and illegal power. The growing indignation of the Roman populace reached a height on account of his grossly tyrannous action toward Virginia, daughter of a respected plebeian named Lucius Virginius, who was abroad with the army. The proud patrician gained possession of the person of the maiden by pretending that she was the born slave of one of his clients. Her lover Icilius summoned her father Virginius from the army, but another mock-trial again adjudged the girl to be the property of the decemvir's client. To save his daughter from dishonor, the unhappy father seized a knife and slew her. The popular indignation and the father's appeal to the army overthrew the decemviri, and the proud Appius was flung into prison, where he died by his own hand. The story is specially familiar to English readers from Macaulay's "Lays."
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Clausewitz
KARL VON (klouz'evētz), a Prussian military officer; born in Burg, June 1, 1780. He served with distinction in several campaigns in the Prussian and Russian services in 1815, became chief of a Prussian army corps, the army and was ultimately director of school, and inspector of artillery. He died in Breslau, Nov. 16, 1831. Of his works the best known are his great book "Of War" (3 vols., 4th ed., 1880), and his "Life of Scharnhorst."
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Clavaria
a genus of fungi, some species of which are edible. CLAVERHOUSE. See GRAHAM, JOHN.
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Clavichord
a key and stringed instrument, not now in use, being superseded by the pianoforte. Its form is that of a small pianoforte; it has no quills, jacks, or hammers. The strings are all muffled, and the tone is produced by little ends of the brass wedges, placed at the keys, which, when pulled down, press against the middle of the strings, acting as a bridge to each.
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Clavigero
FRANCESCO SA- VERIO (klā-ve-hā'ro), a Spanish historian; born in Vera Cruz, Mexico, about 1720. He was educated as an ecclesiastic, and resided 36 years in the provinces of New Spain, where he acquired the languages of the Mexicans and other indigenous nations, collected many of their traditions, and studied their historical paintings and other monuments of antiquity. On the suppression of the Jesuits by the Spanish government in 1767 Clavigero went to Italy, the Pope assigning him a resi- In dence in in Cesena, where died he in wrote 193 his دو
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Claxton
KATE (MRS. CHARLES A. STEVENSON), an American erican actress; born in Somerville, N. J., in 1848. She made her début at Daly's Theater before she was out of her teens, but her success dates from 1873 when she acted Mathilda in "Led Astray." As Louise in "The Two Orphans" she attained great celebrity. She was playing the part at the Brooklyn Theater when, on the night of Dec. 5, 1876, that structure was destroyed by fire with great loss of life. After 1896 she toured the country in emotional plays with her own company, retiring from the stage in 1904.
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Claxton (II)
PHILANDER PRIEST- LY, an American educator; born in Bedford co., Tenn., Sept. 28, 1862. He graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1882 and pursued special studies at Johns Hopkins University, 1884-1885; became professor of pedagogy at North Carolina State Normal and Industrial College in 1896; and was appointed United States Commissioner of Education in 1911. He has written largely on educational subjects.
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Clay
a kind of earth originating chiefly from the decomposition of feldspar, and consisting largely of alumina, silica, soda, potash, and water. It is, practically, a batter or pudding of sand and alumina. Clay is traditionally yellow. The term "claybank" is applied to a horse of that color, but clays are often red from infusion of iron and, indeed, may be of almost any color. A pure clay is white. The war paints of the American Indian were merely clays of various colors. Fine clay, free from sand or grit, is the potter's material out of which crockery is made, and is the earth also from which tiles and brick are made. Pipe clay is a fine clay, free from iron and other impurities, suitable for fine pottery and tobacco pipes. The annual money value of clay products far exceeds the output of gold mines. Wheat and all members of the pea family, particularly the clovers, thrive in a clay soil. Some idea of the value of clay from an agricultural point of view may be had from the following statement. Estimating the yield of wheat at twenty bushels to the acre, the following table shows the number of crops of wheat for which the various elements entering into the composition of clay are sufficient: Element. Crops. Potash 226 Magnesia 4164 Lime 2260 Phosphoric acid 420 Sulphuric acid 216 Nitrogen 157 See Brick ; Pottery ; Kaolin ; Meerschaum ; Adobe
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Clay
CASSIUS MARCELLUS, an American statesman; born in Madison co., Ky., Oct. 19, 1810. He was graduated at Yale Collège in 1832, and three years later was elected to the Legislature of Kentucky. He opposed the annexation of Texas, supported Henry Clay, and served in the Mexican War. He was an opponent of slavery and supported Lincoln for the Presidency. From 1862 to 1869 he was Minister to In 1886 he published his Russia. speeches, edited by Horace Greeley. In 1896 he was prominent as a "gold" Democrat. He died July 22, 1903.
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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
a convention between the United States and Great Britain, concluded April 19, 1850, and deriving its name from John M. Clayton, Secretary of State of the United States, and Sir Henry Bulwer, British Minister at Washington. The object of the treaty was to aid the construction of an inter-oceanic canal on either the Nicaragua or Panama routes.
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Cleaner
A moulder's tool, and frequently styled a "lifter." It is an important implement, made in different lengths and widths, principally from steel. It consists of a long flat blade, to slick or smooth the sides of confined webs; one end, being forged to a toe at right-angles with the blade, serves to lift out loose sand from such webs, and also to smooth the bottom. See SLICKER. The workman who removes sand and cores from castings is usually styled a cleaner. See CHIPPER; SAND-BLAST.
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