Clemens
SAMUEL LANGHORNE (best known by his pen name of MARK TWAIN), an American humorist; born in Florida, Mo., Nov. 30, 1835. He worked for some time as a compositor in Philadelphia and New York, and then in 1851 learned the business of pilot on the Mississippi. Thence he went to the Nevada mines; became in 1862 local editor of a newspaper in Virginia City; went to San Francisco; was for some time a reporter; and worked in the Calaveras gold-diggings. In 1884, he founded the publishing firm of C. L. Webster & Co., which failed some years later, though it had published successful works, including General Grant's "Personal Recollections, on which over $300,000 in royalties were S. L. CLEMENS (MARK TWAIN) paid. After the failure Mr. Clemens made a lecturing tour of the world for the purpose of paying the firm's indebtedness, which he insisted on doing in full, though the creditors offered to settle for half of the amount. His works include: "The Jumping Frog," "The Innocents Abroad," "Roughing It," "A Tramp Abroad," "The Prince and the Pauper," "Life on the Mississippi," "The Gilded Age" (with Charles Dudley Warner), "Old Times on the Mississippi," "Tom Sawyer," "Huckleberry Finn," "A Connecticut Yankee at King Arthur's Court," "Pudd'nhead Wilson," "Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc," "Following the Equator," etc. He died April 21, 1910.
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Cleobulus
one of the seven wise men of Greece, was a native of the Isle of Rhodes, and lived in the 6th century B. C.
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Cleombrotus
King of Sparta, gave battle, at Leuctra, to the the Thebans, Thebans, headed by Epaminondas, and was there killed, 371 b. c. This battle, when the Spartan army was almost entirely destroyed, put an end to the pre-eminence of Sparta in Greece.
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Cleomenes
the King of Sparta who assisted in the expulsion of Happias from Athens, and interfered in its domestic affairs in other res respects, about the years 510, 508, and 504 b. c.
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Cleomenes
a Spartan king, who attempted to revive the constitution of Lycurgus. He was defeated by the Achæan League at Sellasia in 221 B. C., and killed himself soon afterward.
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Cleopatra's Needle
CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK would thenceforth live in retirement. to England, but as no one knew how to move them, it was not taken to London until 1878. Subsequently the other obelisk was presented to the United States, and is now in Central Park, New York City.
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Clergy
the body or order of men chosen or set apart to the service of God, in the Christian Church; in contradistinction to the lay worshipers, or d laity. The term Secular Clergy is the designation of priests of the Roman Catholic Church who are not of any religious order, but have the care of parishes. Monks who are in holy orders are designated Regular Clergy.
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Clerk
one who is employed in an office, store, etc., subject to a higher authority; a secretary, as, the Clerk of the House of Representatives or Senate; Clerks of the various courts, etc. In England a parish officer, a layman, whose business used to be to lead the responses in the church services and to perform other duties connected with the parish; a parish Clerk. CLERK - MAXWELL, JAMES, a Scotch physicist; born in Edinburgh, Nov. 13, 1831. He was a Professor of Natural Philosophy in Marischal College, Aberdeen, in 1856-1860; of Physics and Astronomy in King's College, London, in 1860-1865; and of Experimental Physics in the University of Cambridge in 1871. Among his most important works are: "Essay on the Stability of Motion of Saturn's Rings," "Theory of Heat," "Electricity and Magnetism," and "Matter and Motion." He died Nov. 5, 1879.
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Clerkenwell
One of the great watch and clock centers of England. It is one of the parishes of London, and within its limits every branch of the watch trade is carried on.
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Clermont
THE, the name given by Robert Fulton to the steamboat in which CLERMON THE "CLERMONT" he made his first trip from New York City to Albany in 1807. CLERMONT-FERRAND (klār-mōn'fa-rän'), a town of France, capital of the department of Puy-de-Dôme; on a hill at the foot of the volcanic range in which the summit of the Puy is conspicuous. It possessed considerable importance under the Romans, and became a bishop's see at a very early period. It is an antique and gloomy town built of dark volcanic stone. The most remarkable edifices are the cathedral, a huge, irregular, gloomy and the Church of Notre Dame, founded in 580. The manufactures are extensive, and the position of the town makes it an important center of trade. Pop. about 70,000. CLERMONT-TONNERRE (klār-mōn'ton-nār'), the name of a noble French family, of whom one of the most celebrated was Count Stanislas, born in 1747. At the breaking out of the Revolution of 1789 he endeavored to promote constitutional the establishment of a monarchy, founding with Malouet the Monarchical Club, and with Fontanes the Journal des Impartiaux. In 1791 he was charged with assisting the King in his attempt to escape, but was set free on swearing fidelity to the Assembly. In 1792, however, he was murdered by the mob at the house of the Countess de Brissac.
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Cleveland
a city of Tennessee, the county-seat of Bradley co. It is on the Southern railroad. Its industries include woolen and flour mills, stove works, hosiery mills, lumber mills, etc. It is the seat of the Centenary Female College. Pop. (1910) 5,549; (1920) 6,522.
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Cleveland
FREDERICK AL- BERT, an American economist; born in Sterling, Ill., March 17, 1865. He graduated from De Pauw University in 1890. Intending at first to practice law, he soon abandoned that field for economics, pursuing special studies in that subject at the Universities of Chicago and Pennsylvania. He was professor of finance at the School of Commerce, New York University 1903-1905. In 1907 he became director of the Bureau of Municipal Research. Among his publications are: "Funds and Their Uses" (1902); "The Bank and the Treasury" (1905); "Railroad Finance" (1912), in collaboration with F. W. Powell; "Organized Democracy" (1913); etc.
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