Dislocation
a surgical term applied to cases in which the articulating surfaces of the bones have been forced out of their proper places. The particular dislocation takes its name either from the joint itself or its farthest bone, and is called compound when accompanied with an external wound. The most common dislocations are those of the hip, shoulder, elbow, knee, and ankle, and the chief obstacle to their reduction is the spasmodic and violent contraction of the muscles consequent upon them, the application of considerable force being often necessary to set the joint. Ch Chloroform is of great use, not only in preventing pain but in relaxing the muscles. The most dangerous dislocations are those of the bones of the spine. In geology it signifies the displacement of parts of rocks or portions of strata from the situations they originally occupied.
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Dismas
ST. This tract was entirely covered with trees, with almost impervious brushwood between them, but it has now in part been cleared and drained. In the midst of the swamp is Drummond's Lake, seven miles in length, the scene of Thomas Moore's "Lake of the Dismal Swamp." In 1899, the Dismal Swamp canal, connecting Chesapeake Bay with Albemarle Sound, which from about the beginning of the 19th century to the close of the Civil War was a famous historic waterway, was reopened for navigation. It extends from the village of Deep Creek, Va., to South Mills, N. C., a distance of 22 miles; and is one of the most important links in the chain of inland waterways extending along the coast from New York to Florida. A marked advantage of the restored canal is that it enables shipping to avoid the dangers of Cape Hatteras; another is that it furnishes the means of inland and protected navigation for the smaller vessels of the navy and the revenue service. Although only 22 miles long it opens up 2,500 miles of inland navigation.
ST., the name of the penitent thief according to medieval legends.
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Dispensation
the act by which an exception is made to the rigor of the law in favor of some person. The Pope may release from all oaths or vows, and may sanction a marriage within the prohibited degrees of the Mosaic law, or exempt from obedience to the disciplinary enactments of the canon law. , In England the monarch claimed in similar dispensing former times, a power in civil law, but the prerogative II. that was so much abused by James it was abolished by the Bill of Rights. in The power of commuting sentences in which capital cases is the only form the dispensing power still exists. In ecclesiastical matters a bishop may clergygrant a dispensation allowing a clerg , or man to hold more than one benefice to absent himself from his parish. Dispensations were first granted by Pope Innocent III. in 1200, and, being paid for, became a source of considerable revenue to the Holy See. Appeal to them on the part of English subjects was rendered illegal by 25 Henry VIII., c. 21, passed in 1533. A certain dispensing power was continued to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and an ordinary bishop can still dispense with the law of the Church in many cases.
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Dispersion
the decomposition of light, passing through a prism or anything similar, into the rainbow colors; or the angle of separation of two selected rays, say the red and the violet produced by a prism.
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Disraeli
BENJAMIN. See BEA-
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Disruption
the name commonly applied in Scotland to the act by which, in 1843, 474 ministers and professors of the Established Church gave up their livings to vindicate principles which they held to be essential to the purity of the Church, and in harmony with its earlier history.
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Dissection
the act or science of cutting up or dissecting an animal or for the purpose of exvegetable vegetable body amining the structure and use of its several organs and tissues; the dissection of the human body for purposes of Philascience was ordered by Ptolemy of Alexandria. He delphus in the college even authorized the vivisection of criminals condemned to death. Herophilus of Cos was among the first of the proin this great school of medicine. fessors
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Dissenters
the common name by which in Great Britain all Christian denominations, excepting that of the rches Established Churches, are usually designated, though in acts of Parliament it generally includes only Protestant dissenters, Roman Catholics being referred to under their specific name. The Nonconformists were dissenters from the English Church.
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Distich
a couplet of verses, especially one consisting of a Latin or Greek hexameter and pentameter, making complete sense.
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Distilled Water
pure water obtained by distillation, H₂O. The water, if it contains suspended impurities, should be first filtered. The soluble impurities are either volatile or fixed. Of the water which comes over first about one-tenth should be rejected, as it contains nearly all the volatile impurities. The worm should be of block tin, silver, or platinum, as steam acts on glass, dissolving out alkaline silicates. Care should be taken to prevent the mechanical spurting of the liquid; one-tenth of the water should be left in the retort; the solid impurities are also left. It should be redistilled to get rid of traces of organic matter, after it has been treated with a little caustic potash and permanganate of potassium, to oxidize the organic impurities. If it still contains traces of ammonia it should be again redistilled over KHSO, to fix the ammonia. Distilled water is used in chemical analysis, and ought always to be used in preparing medicines.
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Distinguished Service Order
an order instituted by Queen Victoria on Sept. 6, 1886, for the reward of na-
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Distribution
in political economy, the method in which the products of industry are shared among the people concerned. The methods of distribution have varied and do vary in accordance with the state of social development. They depend on legal as well as on economic conditions. They depend mainly on the ideas and institutions which prevail with reference to property in the three requisites of production-viz., land, labor, and capital. In countries where slavery prevailed, the slaveholder, as the owner alike of land, labor, and capital, disposed at his pleasure of the entire product of industry. Under the feudal system, by which the cultivator was atsys tached to the soil and had a fixed interest in it, he was obliged to render to his superiors dues in labor, in kind, and latterly in money, which were fixed by custom or authority. Whatever the arrangements regarding property and the distribution of the fruits of industry may be, account must be taken of the share claimed by the government in the form of taxes, for the maintenance of army and navy and other means of defense, for justice and police, and for education, etc. Some sections of the so-called professional classes are from this source paid for services rendered to the state. But the clerical and teaching professions derive their income more or less from corporate property, while the legal and medical professions obtain their share of the distribution mostly from the services they render to private individuals.
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