Double Consciousness
a mental condition in which two personalities entirely separate from one another are developed in one person. This morbid condition is shown to extreme in Stevenson's classic, "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." While such antithesis of character is seldom met with in one person, yet psychologists have noted that when two personalities are in one body the two are in frequent contradiction to each other. The memory of what one personality has done is non-existent in the other. Dr. Prince possessed of Boston found a woman who possess three developed personalities, besides four which were but partially developed His explanation is that the subconscious life holds several potential personalities which are destroyed or developed in our conscious existence. Other psychologists are disposed to explain it as a physical condition existing in the nervous system or exaggerated motor automatism.
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Double Roller Escapement
A form of the lever escapement in which a separate roller is employed for the guard action.
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Double Sunk Dial
A dial having two sinks, one for the hour and another for the seconds hand.
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Double Triangle
(See Magic.)
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Double-hook
Sometimes termed a change-hook and ram's-horn. The latter name is suggestive of its shape, which consist of two hooks, turned outwards, forged to a third one immediately underneath, which is central and turned at right angles to the double hooks above. It is used for passing loads that are slung on the lower hook, from one crane to another, by simply inserting the block-hook of another crane into the idle-hook and hoisting until it is lifted free of the other. Down-gate, or "down-runner," sometimes termed an "upright," is the runner immediately connected with the runner basin, and leads to the casting direct, or by means of draw-gates, etc. See DRAW-RUNNER; UPRIGHT-RUNNER; GATES.
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Doubleday
ABNER, an American military officer; born in Ballston Spa, N. Y., June 26, 1819. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1842, rising to the rank of colonel in 1870 (brevet lieutenant-colonel in 1865). He was second in command at Fort Sumter in 1861, firing the first gun in its defense, and he greatly distinguished himself at Gettysburg. He died at Mendham, N. J., Jan. 26, 1893.
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Doublet
dub'let, a form of outer garment worn by men during the latter part of the fifteenth century. Originally the doublet had long skirts and was held in place by a belt. Later it was of shorter cut, was fitted with great nicety, and padded, if necessary, to the correct shape. After the time of Charles I, in England the doublet was made without sleeves, and a coat was worn over it. It is supposed that the present fashion of the waistcoat or vest was developed from the doublet.
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Doubling the Cube
a celebrated mathematical problem. According to a Grecian legend, the problem originated in the following manner: The people of Delos were afflicted by a pestilence due to the darts of Apollo. On consulting the oracle of the god, they were directed to double the size of his altar, which happened to be a perfect cube. This they did, but the pestilence continued. Upon consulting the oracle again they were told that they must double the size of this altar without changing its shape. Hence the problem of finding a cube which shall have just twice the volume of a given cube is called the Delian problem. The difficulty of the problem lies in the fact that no number obtained by doubling a cube is itself a perfect cube. The perfect cubes are: 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000, 1331, 1728 etc. Their doubles are 2, 16, 54, 128, 250, 432, 686, 1024, 1458, 2000, 2662, 3456, etc. We see readily that none of the doubles are perfect cubes. In order to produce a cube by multiplying a cube the multiplier must also be a cube. The multiplier 2 is not a cube; hence the impossibility of the problem.
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Doubs
a department of France, having Switzerland on its E. frontier. Its surface is traversed by four chains of the Jura. The land is arable, but much the greater part is covered with forests. Maize, potatoes, hemp, flax, are the principal crops. Much dairy produce is made into Gruyère cheese. The minerals include iron, lead, and marble. Pop. about 290,000. The river Doubs rises in the department to which it gives its name, flows first N. E., then N. W., till it joins the Saône at Verdun-sur-Saône; length, 250 miles.
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Doubting Castle
in Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress , the castle where Christian and Hopeful are imprisoned by Giant Despair . They escaped by means of the key called Promise. It is frequently said of one who is in a state of irresolution and apprehension, from which hopeful determination would free him, that he is in Doubting Castle. See Bunyan ; Pilgrim'S Progress
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Dougherty
DENNIS J., an American Roman Catholic prelate. He was educated at St. Charles Seminary, Overbrook, Pa., and in 1903 was appointed first American bishop of Neuva Segovia, Philippine Islands. He became bishop of Jaro, P. I., in 1908. He rendered remarkable service in the Philippines among the native troops. He remained there until 1915, when he was appointed bishop of Buffalo, and in July, 1918, was appointed archbishop of the See of Philadelphia and the Province of Philadelphia. He was one of the most conspicuous of Roman Catholic Church men, and in March, 1921, was appointed cardinal by Pope Benedict.
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Douglass
FREDERICK, an American lecturer and journalist; the son of a negro slave; born in Tuckahoe, Md., in February, 1817. Though his father was a white man, he was, according to the law, reared as a slave. In 1832 he was purchased by a Baltimore ship-builder, but made his escape in 1838. As he had taught himself to read and write, and showed talent as an orator, he was employed by the Anti-slavery Society as one of their lecturers. In 1845 he published his autobiography, and afterward made a successful lecturing tour in England. In 1870 he started a journal entitled "The New National Era"; in 1871 he was appointed secretary of the commission to Santo Domingo; in 1872, presidential elector; and in 1877 marshal for the District of Columbia. He was commissioner of deeds for that district, 1881- 1886; and United States Minister to Haiti in 1890. He died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 20, 1895.
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