Drummond
SIR GEORGE GOR- DON, an English soldier; born in 1771. He entered the British army as ensign in 1789; became lieutenant-colonel, 1794; served with distinction in the Holland campaign, 1794-1795, and in Egypt, 1800; was staff-officer at Jamaica several years; on duty in Canada, 1808-1811; promoted lieutenant-general, 1811; again ordered to Canada as second in command under Sir George Prevost, 1813; planned and effected the capture of Fort Niagara, and planned the successful attack on Black Rock and Buffalo; led a combined military and naval force against Oswego and destroyed the American works and stores, May, 1814; was in command of the British forces at the battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25, and in August invested, but failed to capture, Fort Erie. In 1815 he was appointed Governor-General of Canada, resigned and returned to England, and in 1817 received the grand cross of the Order of the Bath. He died in 1854.
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Drummond (HENRY a Scotch geologist)
HENRY, a Scotch geologist and religious writer; born in Stirling in 1851. He studied theology at Edinburgh University. In 1877 he was appointed Professor of Natural Science in the Free Church College, Glasgow. "Natural Law in the Spiritual World" (1883), and its successor "The Ascent of Man," applications of modern scientific methods to the immaterial universe, made his popular fame. He traveled in central Africa (1883-1884) studying its botany and geology, and later wrote "Tropical Africa" (1888). Other semireligious writings of his are: "Pax Vobiscum" (1890); "The Greatest Thing in the World" (1890); "The Programme of Christianity" (1892). He died in Tunbridge Wells, England, March 11, 1897. ✓ DRUMMOND, THOMAS, a Scotch scientist; born in Edinburgh in 1797. During his professional training at Woolwich and Chatham he showed high mathematical and mechanical abilities, with aptitude for the practical application of scientific principles. In 1920 he was an assistant in the trigonometrical survey of the United Kingdom. The incandescence of lime having been brought under hiş notice at a lecture on chemistry, he str he made experiments, experiments, and the result was the Drummond Light, noticed in the "Philosophical Transactions" (1826). He invented a heliostat or reflecting mirror, described in the same paper. Experiments for adapting his light to lighthouses are detailed in the "Philosophical Transactions" (1830). In 1835 he went to Dublin with Lord Mulgrave as under-secretary for Ireland. He died in Dublin, April 15, 1840.
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Drummond (WILLIAM a Scotch poet born)
WILLIAM, a Scotch poet; born in Edinburgh, Dec. 13, 1585. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, after which he spent four years in foreign travels. On his return to Scotland he retired to Hawthornden. He entertained Ben Jonson, on the occasion of a visit which the English dramatist made to Scotland in the winter of 1618-1619, and took notes of Jonson's conversation, which were first published in 1711. He was the first Scotch writer to abandon the native dialect for the language raised to supremacy by the Elizabethan writers. His chief productions are: "The Cypress Grove," in prose, containing reflections upon death; "Flowers of Zion, or Spiritual Poems"; "Tears on the Death of Mœliades"; "Poems, Amorous, Funeral, Divine, Pastoral, in Sonnets, Songs, Sextains, Madrigals"; "The River Forth Feasting" and "History of the Lives and Reigns of the Five Jameses, Kings of Scotland." He died in Edinburgh, Dec. 4, 1649.
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Drummond Island
the extreme W. of the Manitoulin chain, in Lake Huron, belongs to Chippewa co., Mich. It measures 20 by 10 miles. 28-Vol. III-Cyc
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Drupe
fruit composed of a single monospermous carpel, and of which the carpellary leaf becomes fleshy at its external division, and ligneous in its internal division, as in the peach, cherry, plum, etc. The stone which incloses the kernel is the endocarp; the pulpy, or succulent part, the mesocarp.
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Drury's Bluff
an eminence on the James river, near Fort Darling, 8 miles S. of Richmond, Va. It was the scene of a battle, May 16, 1864, in which the Confederates under Beauregard defeated the Union troops under Butler, with a loss to the Confederates of 2,500 and to the Union army of 3,012.
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Druse
DRUZE, DERUZ, or
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Drusus
the name of several distinguished Romans, among whom were: MARCUS LIVIUS, orator and politician; became tribune of the people in 122 b. c. He opposed the policy of Caius Gracchus, and became popular by planting colonies. MARCUS LIVIUS, son of the above, was early a strong champion of the senate or artistocratic party, but showed great skill in manipulating the mob. He rose to be tribune of the people, and was assassinated 91 b. c. NERO CLAUDIUS, brother of the Emperor Tiberius, born 38 b. c. By a series of brilliant campaigns he extended the Roman empire to the German Ocean and the river Elbe, and was hence called Germanicus. By his wife Antonia, daughter of Mark Antony, he had a daughter, Livia, and two sons, Germanicus and Claudius, the latter of whom afterward became emperor. He died in 9 b. C.
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Dry Fog
a haze due to dust or smoke in the atmosphere. Sometimes a haze caused by the mixture of air currents of different densities. A historic dry fog was that which occurred in 1783 over considerable portions of the northern hemisphere. Its source has been traced to extensive volcanic eruptions in Iceland and Japan.
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Dry Rot
a decay likely to attack seasoned timber or dead trees. It is due to the growth of peculiar plants of the fungi order. The branching threads, not unlike those of bread mold, penetrate the fibers of the wood and absorb its substance. Not infrequently a timber in a building or bridge, apparently sound, is found to be a mere shell full of crumbling white, yellow, or red dust. Notwithstanding the name, dry rot is more prevalent in the moist climate of Europe than in America. Oak is especially subject to its attacks. The fungus cannot grow in a timber kept perfectly dry. Soaking in creosote and painting before the spores get a footing are preventive measures. Building inspectors test for dry rot with a long awl or probe. The bones of living animals are sometimes attacked by a fungus growth, similar in its powdery effect to dry rot. Figuratively, and with reference to character, a person who preserves a fair outward appearance while inwardly losing strength, courage, and initiative is said to be affected with the dry rot.
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