Elbing
a trading and manufacturing town of West Prussia; 48 miles by rail E. S. E. of Danzig; on the navigable river of the same name. The town, founded in the 13th century by colonists from Lübeck and Bremen, has a church of the 14th century. It is connected by a canal with the Dreventz, a tributary of the Vistula, and in 1877-1884 a mole was constructed in the harbor, 3,500 yards long and 5½ wide. Steamships and torpedo-boats are built here; and there are large iron and brass rollingmills, and tinware, machine, and cigar factories. The linen industry and the export of lampreys are also of importance. Pop. about 58,000.
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Eldorado
a city of Kansas, the county-seat of Butler co. It is on the Missouri Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé, and the Kansas City, Mexico, and Orient railroads. Its industries include machine shops, carriage works, flour-mills, and limestone quarries. It has an extensive trade in agricultural products and live stock. There is a public library. Pop. (1910) 3,129; (1920) 10,995.
a city of Illinois, in Saline co. It is on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, the Illinois Central, and the Louisville and Nashville railroads. In the neighborhood are important coal mines. Its industries include machine shops, flour mills, lumber yards, etc. Pop. (1910) 3,366; (1920) 5,004.
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Eleazar of Garniza
A Hebrew author who has left many works, of which several have been printed. Among his books was a Treatise on the Soul, and a Kabalistic Commentary on the Pentateuch.
Only in An Encyclopaedia of Occultism
Electoral Commission
a commission appointed by act of Congress January 26, 1877, to pass on disputed presidential election returns from South Carolina , Louisiana, Florida, and Oregon, and one or two other states where fraud or ineligibility was charged. Samuel J. Tilden and Thomas A. Hendricks, the democratic candidates, had a majority by popular vote. Hayes and Wheeler, Republicans, had a technical majority on the face of the returns. The Democrats controlled the House, the Republicans, the Senate, and a deadlock ensued. Both sides agreed to abide by the decision of a committee consisting of five senators and five representatives and five justices of the supreme court, two Republicans and two Democrats, the four to choose a fifth member. The commission met February 1 and rose March 1. Every contested point was decided in favor of the Hayes and Wheeler electors by a partisan vote, eight to seven, the last named justice, Joseph P. Bradley of New Jersey , siding with the Republicans on each issue. See Tilden
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Electors
in European history, a body of seven men entrusted with the election of the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire . Charlemagne, it may be remembered, was the first emperor. His successors were appointed in various ways, sometimes by an election held by a large body of representative or leading nobles, sometimes by some clique of intriguers. In 1347 a Bohemian emperor, Charles IV, with the consent of the Diet or Imperial Parliament, issued what is known in history as the Golden Bull . This document intrusted the selection of future emperors to the three archbishops of Mainz or Mayence, Cologne, and Trier or Treves, the king of Bohemia, the duke of Saxony, the margrave of Brandenburg, and the count palatine of the Rhine, as a college of electors. Each of these seven dignitaries was known henceforth as an elector. When acting together they formed the college of electors. The terms gave rise to some confusion. For instance, the elector of Cologne and the archbishop of Cologne are one and the same person. During the Thirty Years' War, the duke of Bavaria was permitted to assume the title of elector. In 1692 the ruler of Hanover was added to the college, bringing the number of members up to nine. The college was abolished by Napoleon.
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Electra
A daughter of Agamemnon , king of Argos. She incited her brother Orestes to revenge his father's death by assassinating his mother Clytemnestra . Her adventures and misfortunes form the subject of one of the finest of the tragedies of Sophocles . The story has been treated also by Euripides .
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Electric Crane
A substitution of the dynamo-electric machine for the steam or other methods usually employed for the purpose of working cranes. These cranes have met with almost universal favor, and are a marvellous improvement on some antiquated specimens which have been removed to allow of their introduction. They are eminently adapted for foundry purposes. See CRANES.
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Electric Furnace
The Siemens Electric Furnace is used for melting metals that are of a highly refractory nature, using a guarded crucible. It is compact, needs no chimney, is more economical, and melts more rapidly, besides excluding air from the crucible.
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Electric Girls
Girls in whose presence certain phenomena occurred, similar in nature to the time-honoured phenomena of the poltergeist (q.v.), but ascribed to the action of some new physical force, probably electricity. The best known of these electric girls was perhaps Angelique Cottin, a Normandy peasant girl, whose phenomena were first observed about 1846. Finally she was taken to Paris and placed under the observation of Dr. Tanchon and others, who testified to the actuality of the phenomena. These included the movement of objects without contact, or at a mere touch from Angeliqué's petticoats, the agitation in her presence of the magnetic needle, and the blowing of a cold wind. She was also able to distinguish between the poles of a magnet at a touch. A commission appointed by the Academy of Sciences, however, could observe nothing but the violent movements of her chair, which were probably caused by muscular force. Other electric girls practised about the same time, and even after the beginding of the spiritualistic movement in America they were occasionally heard of. They are worthy of note as a link between the poltergeist and the spiritualistic medium.
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Electric Heater
ELECTRIC RAILWAYS, etc.
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Electric Light Bug
our largest bug. So named from its habit of dashing at electric lights. It is an aquatic bug, and is properly called the giant waterbug. It lives on minnows, small frogs, tadpoles, and the like, which it holds with its front legs while it sucks out the blood. The waterbug sticks the tip of his abdomen out of the water to breathe, as its breathing spiracles, corresponding to nostrils, are, insect fashion, situated along the sides of the last segment of the body. An interesting feature is the peculiar construction of the front leg, the second joint of which shuts into a groove in the upper joint like a blade into the handle of a knife. At night waterbugs often come up out of rivers and ponds and fly about, being particularly attracted by street lamps; but, no accident preventing, they are back in the water by dawn of day.
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