Elswick
a township on the W. outskirts of Newcastle, England. Here are located the gun-founding works of the firm of Sir W. G. Armstrong, Mitchell & Co., which are among the largest of the kind in Europe. The frontage toward the river is about one mile, the entire area occupied is about 125 acres, and in busy times about 14,000 work-people are employed. Elswick Park, including Elswick Hall, was opened as a recreation ground in 1878. Pop. about 60,000.
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Elvas
the strongest fortified city of Portugal, in the province of Alemtejo, near the Spanish frontier; 10 miles W. of Badajoz. Standing on a hill, it is defended by seven large bastions and two isolated forts.
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Elves of Light
. See Alfheim
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Elwood
a city of Indiana in Madison co. It is on the Lake Erie and Western, and the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis railroads. There is an important trade in live stock, grain and produce, and the industries include tin-plate mills, iron works, canning factories, plate glass factories, etc. The city has a public library. Pop. (1910) 11,028; (1920) 10,790.
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Ely
RICHARD THEODORE, an American educator; born in Ripley, N. Y., Y., April 13, 1854; was graduated at Columbia University in 1876; appointed head of the department of Political Economy at Johns Hopkins (1881-1892); and professor of Political Economy at University of Wisconsin since 1892. His publications include "French and German Socialism in Modern Times" (1883); "The Past and Present of Political Economy" (1884); "The Labor Movement in America" (1886); "Problems of Today" (1888); "Political Economy" (1889); "Social Aspects of Christianity" (1889); "Studies in the Evolution of Industrial Society" (1903); "Property and Contract" (1914). He edited Macmillan's "Citizens' Library of Economics" and several sociological text-books.
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Ely (Episcopal city of England)
an episcopal city of England, in the county of Cambridge. The ecclesiastical structures comprise the cathedral and the churches of St. Mary, and the Holy Trinity, the last belonging to the time of Edward II., and one of the most perfect buildings of that age. The superb cathedral occupies the site of a monastery founded about the year 673 by Etheldreda, daughter of the King of East Anglia. Its entire length, E. to W. is 537 feet, and its W. tower is 170 feet high. The whole structure comprises an almost unbroken series of the various styles of architecture which prevailed in England from the Conquest to the Reformation, yet with no loss of impressiveness as a whole. It has undergone of late years extensive additions and restoration. Most of the inhabitants are engaged in agricultural labor. Pop. 8,000.
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Elymas, the Sorcerer
A magician of Paphos, in Cyprus, who openly defied the apostle Paul before the Roman governor. The latter, who did not know whether to credit Paul or Elymas, summoned them both before him, when the apostle suffered the indignity referred to. "Oh, full of all subtlety and mischief," said Paul, in righteous anger, "child of the devil, enemy of all righteousness, wilt thou not cease to pervert the right ways of the Lord ? And, now, behold, the hand of the Lord is upon thee, and thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season." It is not related in what manner Elymas exercised his talents, or what were the characteristics of his sorceries, but we are told that the sentence of Paul immediately took effect, and "there fell on him a mist and a darkness; and he went about, seeking some to lead him by the hand."
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Elyria
a city of Ohio, the countyseat of Lorain co. It is on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads, and on the Black river. There are important manufactures of automobiles, telephones flour, canned goods, concrete blocks, iron pipe, steel, etc. The public buildings include a library and a hospital. There is also a fine natural park. Pop. (1910) 14,825; (1920) 20,474.
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Elzevir
a celebrated family of Dutch printers of the seventeenth century. The founder of the family reputation was Louis Elzevir, who established himself as a bookbinder and bookseller in Leyden. A copy of the Eutropius, a Latin author, appeared in 1592. It is regarded as the earliest Elzevir. In all he published about 150 works, chiefly in Latin. His five sons continued the business. The most noted Elzevirs, as their editions are called, are of small size, 12mo., 16mo., or 24mo. In point of neatness, clearness, excellence of type, and beauty of paper, it is considered that the Elzevirs have not been surpassed, even by the choicest specimens of modern printing. The last printer of the name died at Leyden, 1712. The total number of Elzevirs is 1213, of which 968 are in Latin, 44 in Greek, 126 in French, 32 in Flemish, 22 in various eastern languages, 11 in German, and 10 in Italian. Although none are in English, these editions are much sought by booksellers. The cover designs are considered highly artistic. See Aldus; Book
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Emanuel the Great
King of Portugal; born May 3, 1469. He succeeded his cousin John II. in 1495; and aided the expeditions of Vasco da Gama, Cabral, Cortereal, and Albuquerque. He died in Lisbon, Dec. 13, 1521.
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Embargo Act
an act passed by the American Congress, Dec. 22, 1807, prohibiting exportations from the United States. The act was a measure of retaliation against England and France for their interference with American commerce in 1806-1807, and aimed at forcing them to recede from their position by showing the importance of our commercial relations. It had some effect on these nations, but a far more ruinous result on our own commerce. It was a measure of the Democratic party, and was approved by the agricultural porportions of the England States, deeply interested in foreign commerce, and the Federalists loudly condemned it. Its opponents, spelling the name backward, called it the "O grab me" Act, and threats of secession were heard from New England. As a result, Congress fixed March 4, 1809, for the termination of the embargo. The first embargo in our history was laid in 1794 for a period of 60 days, and other minor acts of a similar nature were passed during the War of 1812. The plan of limiting commercial intercourse by embargo, non-importation and non-intercourse acts was called the "restrictive system." In the course of the World War (1914-1918) attempts were made by pro-Germans, pacifists, and wellmeaning humanitarians to place an embargo on the shipment of arms to Entente nations, but the attempt failed.
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