Etymology
a term applied to that part of grammar which treats of the various inflections and modifications of words and shows how they are formed from simple roots; and to that branch of philology which traces the history of words from their origin to their latest form and meaning. Etymology in this latter sense, or the investigation of the origin and growth of words, is among the oldest of studies. It was not till modern times, and particularly since the study of Sanskrit, that etymology has been scientifically studied. Languages then began to be properly classed in groups and families, and words were studied by a comparison of their growth and relationship in different languages. It was recognized that the development of language is not an arbitrary or accidental matter, but proceeds according to general laws. The result was a great advance in etymological knowledge and the formation of a new science of philology.
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Eubea
formerly called Negropont, a Greek Greek island, the second largest island of the Ægean Sea. It is 90 miles long, 30 in greatest breadth, reduced at one point to 4 miles. It is separated from the mainland of Greece by the narrow channels of Egripo and Talanta. It is connected with the Bœotian shore by a bridge. There are several mountain peaks over 2,000 feet, and one over 7,000 feet. The island is wellwooded and remarkably fertile. Wine is a staple product, and cotton, wool, pitch, and turpentine are exported. The chief towns are Chalcis and Karyst. The island was anciently divided among seven independent cities, the most important of which were Chalcis and Eretria, and its history is for the most part identical with that of those two cities. With some small islands it forms a modern nomarchy, with a population of about 100,000.
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Eucharist
a name for the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, in reference to the blessing and thanksgiving which accompany it.
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Euclides
A famous mathematician of Alexandria, who lived B. c. 300. He wrote fifteen II2 books on the elements of mathematies. Euclid was so much respected that King Ptolemy became one of his pupils.
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Eudoxians
followers of Eudoxius, who from A. D. 347 was Bishop of Antioch, in Syria, and from 360 to his death in 370 Bishop and Patriarch of Constantinople. He was successively an Avian, a Semi-Arian and an Aëtian. Respecting the Trinity, he believed the will of the Son to be differently affected from that of the Father.
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Eugene Aram
a novel by Bulwer-Lytton published in 1832. The Dream of Eugene Aram is a poem by Thomas Hood.
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Eugene, Prince
Prince (1663-1736), an Austrian soldier. He was a native of Paris. He applied to Louis XIV for employment as an officer, but was repulsed on account of personal opposition from a high source. In indignation he turned to the emperor of Austria with greater success. He rose to be the commander-in-chief of the Austrian forces. He ranks with the greatest of modern generals, and is, without doubt, the ablest soldier in Austrian history. In 1697, and again in 1716, he prevented the Turks from invading Austria and possibly taking possession of Central Europe. His assault and capture of Belgrade, a Turkish stronghold on the Danube, is one of the notable sieges in history. In the meantime, during the wars between Austria and France, he had ample revenge for the slight put upon him by his native country. In conjunction with the English Duke of Marlborough he won the great battles of Blenheim, 1704; Oudenarde, 1708, and Malplaquet, 1709.
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Eugenic Acid
or EUGENOL, an acid derived from cloves, and conferring properties. on them their essential
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Eumenes
A Greek officer in the army of Alexander . He was the most worthy of all Alexander's generals to succeed him after his death. He conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia , of which he obtained the government, till the power of Antigonus obliged him to retire. Eventually, after many vicissitudes of fortune, he was put to death in prison by order of Antigonus.
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Eumenides
A name given to the Furies. They sprang from the drops of blood which flowed from a wound which Coelus received from Saturn. According to some writers they were daughters of the Earth, and sprung from the blood of Saturn. Others make them to be daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine. According to the generally received opinion they were three in number-Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto, to which some add Nemesis . Eumolpus (The Good Singer). A Thracian bard, son of Poseidon (Neptune) and Chione, the daughter of Boreas . Eumolpus was regarded as the founder of the Eleusinian mysteries, and as the first priest of Demeter ( Ceres ) and Dionysus ( Bacchus ). He was succeeded in the priestly office by his son Ceyx; and his family, the Eumolpidae, con- 1 tinued till the latest times the priests of Demeter at Eleusis.
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Euphrates
u-fra'tez, the historic river of Mesopotamia. It rises in the Armenian Mountains, receives the waters of Lake Van, makes a wide circuit to the westward, breaks through the mountain chain of Taurus, and meanders southward to a junction with the Tigris,--a twin river borne on the eastern side of the same mountains. The lower portion of the valley is naturally one of the most fertile sections in the world. During the winter months there is little water, but in the late spring and early summer an immense amount of water from the melting snows comes down, causing the river to overflow. As its snows lie on northern and western slopes they melt late in the season and the floods of the Euphrates are a month later than those of the Tigris. The geographical conditions are very similar to those of lower Egypt; in fact, Mesopotamia, or the country between the Tigris and Euphrates, has been called the Egypt of Asia; and Babylonia is said to be "the gift of the Euphrates and the Tigris." An immense amount of silt is brought down by the spring floods. The head of the gulf of Persia has been filled up to such an extent that an ancient seaport, formerly at the mouth of the river, is now 100 miles from the gulf. See Syria ; Babylonia; Bagdad ; Nineveh ; Mesopotamia
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