Essence
in philosophy, originally the same as substance. Later, substance came to be used for the undetermined substratum of a thing, essence for the qualities expressed in the definition of a thing; or, as Locke put it, "Essence may be taken for the very being of a thing, whereby it is what it is." In chemistry, and in popular parlance, essential essences are solutions of the oils in alcohol. The term has, however, received a wider significance, and is apto any liquid possessing the propplied erties of the substance of which it professes to be the essence. Thus essences of coffee, beef, and rennet contain in a concentrated form the virtues of coffee, beef, and rennet.
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Essenes
or ESSÆANS, a sect among the Jews, the origin of etymolwhich is unknown, as well as the ogy of their name. It appears to have sprung up in the course of the century disappreceding the Christian era, and peared on the dispersion of the Jews after the siege of Jerusalem. They were remarkable for their strictness and abstinence, and had a rule of life analogous to that of a monastic order.
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Essenes, The
A mystical Jewish sect, the tenets of which are only partly known. They first appeared in history about 150 years B.C. They were very exclusive and possessed an organisation peculiar to themselves. They exercised strict asceticism, and great benevolence. They had fixed rules for initiation, and a succession of strictly separate grades. Their system of thought deviated greatly from the normal development of Judaism, and was more in sympathy with Greek philosophy and oriental ideas. The tendency of the society was practical, and they regarded speculation on the universe as too lofty for the human intellect. So far as can be judged there was nothing occult in their beliefs.
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Essential Oils
volatile oils usually aromatic plants by subjectdrawn from ojecting them to distillation with waters, such pepperas the oils of lavender, cloves, mint, etc.
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Essequibo
a river of British Guiana, which flows into the Atlantic by an estuary 20 miles in width after a course of about 450 miles. The district or division of Essequibo is well cultivated and extremely fertile, producing coffee, cotton, cocoa, and sugar. Pop. 36,000.
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Essex
a maritime county of England, with an area of 1,530.5 square miles, and a coast line of 85 miles. The surface of the coast is low and marshy, but from the center to the north is undulating and well wooded. There is a considerable amount of good agricultural land, and wheat and barley are largely grown. Stock raising is also important. Its manufactures include chemicals, railroad machinery, agricultural implements, brewing, fishing, and oyster fishing. Pop. about 1,400,000.
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Essling
a village in Lower Austria on the Danube, 6 miles below Vienna, near which a battle was fought May 21- 22, 1809, between the French and Ausvictrians, trians, in which the latter were in torious. Marshal Lannes was killed this battle, Marshal Masséna receiving the title of the Prince of Essling.
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Esslingen
a city of Württemberg, S. situated on the Neckar, seven miles E. E. of Stuttgart. The largest machine , shops of Württemberg are located here War, about employing, before the World gold 2,200 men. It also manufactures and silver ware, cotton goods, and is the ucing the famous center of a region producing Neckar wine. Pop. about 32,000.
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Established Church
a Church having a form of doctrine and government established by law in any country for the teaching of Christianity within its boundaries, and usually endowed by the state. The upholde upholders of the establishment theory maintain that it is the duty of a state to provide for the religious instruction of the people. On the other hand it is argued that the state has no right to endow or support any particular sect or denomination, unless they assume that the denomination alone is possessed of religious truth and worth.
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Estate
a term ordinarily applied to designate landed property. The application has its origin in the feudal system, under which land was not conceived as being capable of absolute ownership but as the property of the Crown, of which subjects were the tenants. The interest of a particular tenant in a piece of land was thus known as his status or estate in reference to it, and this interest was considered to be limited, partly by the nature of land itself, and partly by the reversionary interest of the Crown. The term had not at first the wide application which modern usage has given to it. It was in the beginning employed as applicable only to lands held on a freehold basis, and did not, as later, include land held in subordination to other superior titles. The term has gradually come to have a general application to landed property held under varying conditions, such as that subject to creditors' rights, the interest of mortgages and leaseholds. Estates of freehold under our legal system include estates held under the three forms of freehold tenure, known as fee simple, fee tail and life estates. Estates not of freehold are in their nature really tenancies.
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Este
a town in the province of Padua, Italy, 17 miles S. W. of Padua; the ancient Adeste. Pop. about 6,000. Also one of the most ancient and illustrious families of Italy. In the 11th century the house of Este became connected by marriage with the German Welfs or Guelphs, and founded the German branch of the house of Este, the dukes of Brunswick and Hanover. The sovereigns of Ferrara and Modena were of this family, several of them being famous as patrons of letters. The lives of Boiardo, Ariosto, and Tasso were closely connected with members of this house. The last male representative of the Estes died in 1803. His daughter married a son of Emperor Francis I., who founded the Austrian branch of the house of Este, of which the male line became extinct in 1875.
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Esterhazy
a family of Hungarian magnates, whose authentic genealogy goes back to the first half of the 13th century. They were zealous partisans of the house of Hapsburg, to whom, during the reigns of Frederick II. and Leopold I., they lent a powerful support. Among the more prominent members of the family are: PAUL IV., PRINCE ESTERHAZY, a general and liter- NICHOLAS JOSEPH, a great patron of arts ary savant, 1635-1713. His grandson, and music, founder of the school in which Haydn and Pleyel, among others, formed, 1714-1790. NICHOLAS, were PRINCE ESTERHAZY, distinguished as a field marshal and foreign ambassador, 1765-1833. PRINCE PAUL ANTHONY, a able diplomatist; born distinguished and and 1786; was successively Austrian ambassador at Dresden, Rome, and Britain; a supporter of the National Hungarian movement. He died in 1866.
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