Everett (EDWARD an American statesman)
EDWARD, an American statesman; born in Dorchester, Mass., April 11, 1794. After traveling for some years in Germany and England he returned to America in 1819 to occupy the chair of Greek Literature at Harvard. He became editor of the "North American Review," and entering the political world became successively member of Congress, governor of Massachusetts, and minister plenipotentiary to England (1840). In 1845 he was appointed president of Harvard College, and in 1852 Secretary of State. Shortly after he retired to private life. He died in Boston, Jan. 15, 1865.
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Evergreen
a plant that retains its verdure through all the seasons, as the fir, the holly, the laurel, the cedar, the cypress, the juniper, the holm-oak, and many others.
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Evora
a city of Portugal, capital of the province of Alemtejo, 75 miles E. by S. of Lisbon. It is the center of a considerable steel, cotton, and woolen industry, but is most famous for its archæological museum, one of the best in the country. It contains a church library with 25,000 volumes. Pop. about 18,000.
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Evreux
a city of France, capital of the department of Eure, in Normandy, situated on the Iton, 67 miles W. N. W. from Paris. A considerable industry in linens, shoes, and gasoline engines is carried on, while the town is the_center of an important grain trade. It was the center of heavy fighting during the World War, especially during the intensive operations incidental to the great Allied offensive, known as the Battle of Normandy.
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Ewald
GEORG HEINRICH AU- GUST VON (a'valt), a German Orientalist and Biblical critic; born in Göttingen, Nov. 16, 1803. After studying at the university there, in 1827 he became extraordinary, in 1831 ordinary Professor of Theology, and in 1835 Professor of Oriental Languages. In 1837 he lost his chair at Göttingen on account of his protest against the king's abrogation of the liberal constitution, became Professor of Theology at Tübingen, but in 1848 returned to his old chair at Göttin- When Hanover was annexed by Prussia in 1866 he became a zealous defender of the rights of the ex-king. Among his chief works are the following: "Complete Course of the Hebrew Language"; "The Poetical Books of the Old Testament"; "History of the People of Israel"; "Antiquities of the People history is considered his of Israel." The greatest work. He died in Göttingen, May 5, 1875.
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Ewell
RICHARD STODDERT, military officer; born in Georgetown, D. C., Feb. 8, 1817; was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1840; served in the cavalry on the frontier, and during the Mexican War with Scott from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico; and was promoted captain for gallantry and meritorious conduct at Contreras and Churubusco. At the outbreak of the Civil War he resigned his commission in the National army; joined the Confederates; and was actively engaged throughout the war. He took part in the Maryland campaign and in the battles of Bull R Run, Gettysburg, and the Wilderness, and attained the rank of Lieutenant-General. After the war he retired to private life. He died in Springfield, Tenn., Jan. 25, 1872.
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Ewing
JULIANA HORATIA GATTY, an English story-writer and poet; born in Ecclesfield, Yorkshire, in 1841. Her stories for children became very popular and included "Daddy Darwin's Dovecote"; "Dandelion Clocks and Other Tales"; "A Flat-Iron for a Farthing"; "A Great Emergency and Other Tales", and "Jackanapes." She died in Bath, England, May 13, 1885.
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Ewing
THOMAS, an American statesman; born near West Liberty, Va., Dec. 28, 1789; was graduated at the Ohio University in Athens in 1815; admitted to the bar in 1816; and practiced law for 15 years. He was a United States Senator from Ohio in 1831-1837 and 1850-1851; Secretary of the Treasury under President Harrison in 1841; and Secretary of the Interior under President Taylor in 1849. In the United States Supreme Court he ranked among the foremost lawyers of the nation. He died in Lancaster, O., Oct. 26, 1871.
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Excelsior State
. See New York
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Exchequer
in Great Britain, the department which deals with the moneys received and paid on behalf of the public services of the country. The public revenues are paid into the Bank of England (or of Ireland) to account of the exchequer, and these receipts as well as the necessary payments for the public service are under the supervision of an important official called the controller and auditor-general, the payments being granted by him on receipt of the proper orders proceeding through the treasury. The public accounts are also audited in his department.
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Excretion
the process in animal and plant physiology which separates from the essential substance or animal body waste matter of no further use in nutrition. The organs so employed partake of the characters of strainers, which retain substances soluble in the blood necessary to health and extrude the harmful. The primary excretory organs in vertebrates are the kidneys. kidneys. The function of these is to separate from the blood the waste materials produced by the decomposition of nitrogenous substances and expel them from the body. The lungs and the skin likewise perform some of the duties of excretory organs. In its simplest form the excretory organ is found in the Protozoa, in which the contractile vacuole by means of delicate infusoria drains the waste material and then discharges the contents. punish-
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Execution (Carrying out of a death)
the carrying out of a death sentence by court order. Such cruel methods, as burning at the stake, starving, drowning, poisoning, bleeding to death, breaking on the wheel, etc., are no longer employed as modes of pun ment in the progessive countries. In Belgium, Holland , Norway, Portugal Rumania, Finland , Argentine, Brazil, Venezuela, Guatemala , and Ecuador life imprisonment is the heaviest punishment inflicted and no person is ever put to death. In England and Spain, hanging is the common form of execution. In France, a death sentence is usually carried out by the use of the guillotine for decapitation. In Italy the death penalty is not inflicted in any case. In modern times the tendency has been toward the employment of the least cruel methods of execution. Capital punishment is retained in 36 States of our Union. The usual method of execution is either by hanging or electrocution. The Federal Government may punish high treason by death penalty. In most States death penalty is inflicted only for murder, in some others also for arson and rape . Arizona, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Dakota , South Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin do not inflict any death penalty.
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