Fremstad
OLIVE, an American soprano. Born at Stockholm, Sweden, in 1870, she received most of her early education at Christiania. When in 1882 her parents moved to Minneapolis she had already learned to play the piano, and in a few years she was giving music lessons and singing in the church choirs. She came to New York in 1890 and after receiving vocal instruction made her début as a concert singer two years later. From 1892-1894 she studied in Germany under Lilli Lehmann, specializing in Wagnerian operas. For the next few years she sang in the grand opera companies of Vienna, Cologne, Antwerp, and Amsterdam. In 1900 the Royal Opera in Munich and the Covent Garden in London made an arrangement to secure her services for the next three years. In 1903 she made her début with the Metropolitan Opera Company as Sieglinde. Her success was such that for eleven consecutive seasons thereafter she was one of the stars of that famous company. ALICE. See THANET,
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French Lines
1 25.39954 11.25951 2 50.79908 22.51903 3 76.19862 33.77854 4 101.59816 45.03806 5 126.99771 56.29757 6 152.39725 67.55709 7 177.79679 78.81660 8 203.19633 90.07612 9 228.59587 101.33563 10 253.99541 112.59515 Millimeters expressed in Inches and French Lines. Millimeters. Equal to
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French Literature
. See Literature Jean de Racine. French Literature Victor Hugo. French Literature Pierre Corneille. French Literature Alphonse de Lamartine. French Literature Writers Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire. French Literature Jean Jacques Rousseau. French Literature
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French, Alice
Alice (1850-), an American story writer, better known by her pen name of Octave Thanet. She was born in Andover, Massachusetts, but has spent the greater part of her life in Iowa and Arkansas. Her strong, dramatic short stories have found a large number of readers as they have appeared in the magazines. Many of them have been collected into book form, among which may be mentioned Knitters in the Sun, Otto, the Knight, and Other Trans-Mississippi Stories, Stories of a Western Town, We All, A Book of True Lovers, and Man and His Neighbors. Miss French's stories appeal to a wide class of readers. They are Western tales of simple lives, naturally told. They contain a little pathos, much humor, and are full of human interest. That she is capable of the sustained effort necessary for a successful novel Mrs. French has proved in The Man of the Hour, a laborproblem story, absorbing and inspiring.
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French, Daniel Chester
Daniel Chester (1850-), an American sculptor. He was born in Exeter, New Hampshire , and received his education in Boston and in Florence, Italy. He has had studios in Boston, in Concord, New Hampshire, and in New York City. His most celebrated works are The Minute Man of Concord, Dr. Gallaudet and His First Deaf Mute Pupil, John Hancock, Lewis Cass, Death and the Young Sculptor, and the Statue of the Republic.
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Freneau
PHILIP, an American poet; born in New York City, Jan. 2, 1752. His connection with Jefferson and other men of the time made him conspicuous. Among his poems are: Home of Night," "The College Examination," "Eutaw Springs," "The Indian Student," and "Lines to a Wild Honeysuckle." He died near Freehold , N. Y., Dec. 18, 1832.
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Fresco
a method of painting on walls on a freshly laid stucco-ground of lime or gypsum. See Painting
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Fresno
a city and county-seat of Fresno co., Cal.; on the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fé Coast Line and the Southern Pacific railroads; 208 miles S. E. of San Francisco. Here are a public library, high school, county hospital, business college, waterworks, street railroads , electric lights, National and private banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. fruit growing and canning, farming, the manufacture of wine, and sheep raising . Pop. (1910) 24,892; (1920) 45,086. The chief industries are
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Fret
in music, a small piece of wood or ivory placed upon the finger board of certain stringed instruments, to regulate the pitch of the notes produced. pro By pressing the string down to the finger board behind a fret, only so much of the string can be set in vibration as lies between the fret and the bridge . viols contained in a chest had frets, and some of the early forms of the violin were even furnished with them. But not All the only do they prevent the rapid fingering only of difficult passages, but they also entirely deprive the violin of one of its most charming qualities , that of slurring or portamento, an attempt to produce which will, on a fretted instrument , result in a well-defined chromatic scale . Another reason for the abandonment of fretted violins was that, in extreme keys, the intervals could not be tempered . In architecture, a fret is an ornament formed by small bands or fillets , intersecting each other at right angles, used in classical architecture. It is susceptible of many modifications, and is still often employed. In heraldry , a fret is a bearing composed of bars crossed and interlaced.
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Freud
SIGMUND, an Austrian physician and psychologist, born in Freiburg, Moravia, in 1856. Having finished his education in the University of Vienna, he became assistant physician at the General Hospital, and afterward a lecturer on nervous diseases. In 1885 he went to where he studied a under the tutorship of Charcot. In 1902 he became associate professor of neuropathy in the University of Vienna . In 1909 he paid a brief visit to the United States, where he was given the honorary degree of L.L. D. by Clark University. Dr. Freud, however, is famous on account of the study of PSYCHO-ANALYSIS, q. v., so closely connected with his name, otherwise known the theory of dreams. Briefly, the theory is that dreams are an indication of subconscious as "The impressions gained by early experiences, which, remaining submerged, may produce manifestations of hysteria. By ysteria. By special mental effort these subconscious im- SIGMUND FREUD pressions may be brought to the surface and the brain may be liberated from their detrimental influence.
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Frewen
MORETON, British a publicist. He was born in S. Leicestershire, England, in 1853, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. After leaving school he specialized in economic subjects, and traveled considerably. In regard to Ireland he worked in the interests of Home Rule, and with the aid of the party led by William O'Brien was elected to represent East Cork in the British House of Commons during_1910-1911. He is a vice-president of the Imperial Federation League and a frequent writer in the reviews on economic problems, tariff and exchanges. He wrote "The Economic Crisis," etc.
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