Francis
AND FLETCHER, JOHN. FLETCHER, SIR LAZARUS, a British scientist. He was born at Salford, England, in 1854, and was educated at Manchester Grammar School and Oxford University. In 1880 he became Keeper of Minerals in the British Museum and in 1882 Examiner for Natural Sciences Tripos, Cambridge. He is a member and official of many British and other scientific societies, societies, and was vice-p vice-president of the Royal Society (1910-1912.). His publications include: "Introduction to the Study of Meteorites," "Introduction to the Study of Minerals," "Introduction to the Study of Rocks," "The Optical Indicatrix," and papers on the crystallographical, physical, and mineralogical subjects and on meteorites.
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Francis De Sales (ST Bishop of Geneva founder)
ST., Bishop of Geneva, founder of the Order of Visitation; born of a noble Savoyard family, in the château of Sales, near Geneva, Aug. 21, 1567. He was educated by the Jesuits at Paris, studied law at Padua, and having a strong bent to theology and a religious life, entered the Church. He was sent, in 1594, with his kinsman, Louis de Sales, to preach in the Duchy of Chablais, and bring back, if possible, to the Catholic Church the followers of Calvin. He had a large measure of success. His conferences with Théodore de Bèze, Calvin's successor, at Geneva, were, however, without result. He went to Paris in 1602, preached there with great success. The same year he was appointed Bishop of Geneva and applied himself zealously to the reform of the diocese and its monasteries. He declined the offer of a cardinal's hat. In 1610 he founded the Order of the Visitation, of which the first directress was his friend, Madame de Chantal. He was sent again to Paris in 1618. His best known works are the "Introduction to a Devout Life" and "A Treatise on the Love of God." He died in Lyons, France, in 1622; was canonized by Pope Alexander VII. in 1665.
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Francis of Assisi, Saint
Saint (1182-1226), a noted Italian monk. He was born at Assisi and, though a traveler, he died there. He was a man of oratorical ability and of fervent piety, "The John Wesley of the thirteenth century, whom the church did not cast out." He was moved by compassion for the misery of the inhabitants of the Italian town. He gathered a few friends about him, walked to Rome to secure the permission of Pope Innocent III, and organized the Franciscan order of friars, or brothers. They went forth two and two, clad in the garb of poverty. They were religious workers, and labored to heal both body and soul--to relieve misery. Francis was declared a saint by Gregory IX in 1288. October fourth, the anniversary of his death, is observed as the day of St. Francis.
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Franciscan
the followers of ST. FRANCIS (q. v.). Hearing accidentally in 1208, in a church the words of the Saviour (Matt. x:9, 10), he considered that the essence of the Gospel was absolute poverty, and founded an order on this basis, which ultimately became one of the two great fraternities of mendicant friars. To manifest his humility he would not allow his followers to be called brethren (in Lat. fratres), but only little brothers, a designation which they still retain. Pope Innocent III., in 1210, and a council of Lateran, in 1215, approved of his rules for the government of his order, which enjoined poverty, chastity, and obedience, and in 1223 Pope Honorius III. issued a bull in his favor. He died in Assisi, in 1226, and in 1230 was canonized by Pope Gregory IX., the anniversary of his death, Oct. 4, being fixed as his festival. In 1224, Franciscans went over to England. From 1228 till 1259 they contended with the Dominicans about precedency. At the suppression of the monasteries in England under Henry VIII., 1536-1538, the Franciscans had 66 abbeys or other religious houses. Their dress was a loose garment of gray color, reaching to their ankles, and a gray cowl, covered when they went into the streets, with a cloak. They were called Grayfriars. The order, in the course of its history, split into various branches.
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Francke, August
fran'ke, August (1663-1727), a noted German educator. He was born at Lubeck and was educated chiefly at Leipsic. After holding various educational positions, he became a professor in the University of Halle. He belongs to the same group of men as Pestalozzi. He became deeply interested in the deplorably ignorant and neglected condition of the children of the poor. He established an orphan asylum, a school for the poor, and a training school for teachers at Halle. During his lifetime he had the privilege of seeing his institutions attended by over 2,000 pupils of various sorts. His institutions are still maintained by the city of Halle. The schools now form an integral part of the public educational system. Students of European schools consider a visit to the Francke institutions indispensable. Francke is one of the best known names in the history of German education. See Halle
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Frank
ROYAL THAXTER, an American military officer; born in Gray, Me., May 6, 1836; was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1864. During the Civil War he was brevetted major and lieutenant-colonel for bravery at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. Later was promoted colonel of the 1st United States Artillery and was in command of the Artillery School at Fort Monroe in 1888-1898. He was promoted Brigadier- General in 1898. He died March 18, 1908.
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Frank, Christian
A visionary, who died in 1590; he frequently changed his religion, which fact gained for him the surname of Weathercock. He believed the religion of Japan to be the best, because he had read that its ministers were ecstatics.
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Frank, Sebastian
A visionary of the sixteenth century, of whose life little is known. In 1531, he published a treatise on l'Arbu de la science du bien et du mal, dont Adam a mangé la mort, et dont encore aujourd'hui tous les hommes la mangent. Fraud According to him, the sin of Adam is but an allegory, and the tree only the person, will, knowledge, and life of Adam. Frank died in 1545. "Frankenstein," by Mrs. Shelley. (See Fiction, Occult English.
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