Frostbite
the freezing of any portion of the body by exposure to a high degree of cold. The parts of the body most exposed to the serious consequence of frostbite are those farthest from the seat of circulation, and the most exposed to a great degree of cold. These are, the toes and feet, fingers, ears, nose, and the cheeks below the eye. The effect of intense cold is, in the first place, to deaden the sensibility of the part most exposed, which it does by contracting the vessels and driving the blood from the surface; when the part, losing its healthy vitality, is unable to resist the specific influence of the surrounding cold, and quickly falls a prey to the potency of the frost, and, in a short time, a partial gives way to an absolute death, or mortification of the member or organ. The treatment of frostbite consists in coaxing back by degrees the vitality of the part; this is most prudently effected by friction, at first with snow, then with water at ordinary temperature, no warmth being applied for some time.
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Frostburg
a city of Maryland, in Allegheny co. It is on the Western Maryland and the Cumberland and Pennsylvania railroads. Its situation at an elevation of about 2,200 feet makes it a popular summer resort. It has a State normal school and also a miners' hospital. Its industries include fire-brick and tile works, planing mills, foundries, hosiery mills, etc. It is the center of Pop. an important coal mining region. (1910) 6,026; (1920) 6,017.
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Frosted Glass
a form of glass made by the Venetians. It has irregularly varied marble-like projecting dislocations in the intervening fissures. Suddenly plunging hot glass into cold water produces crystalline convex fractures, with a polished exterior; but the concave intervening figures are caused, first by chilling, and then reheating at the furnace, and simultaneously expanding the reheated ball of glass by blowing, thus separating the crystals from each other, and leaving open figures bepreparatory to tween, which is done forming vases or ornaments.
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Frosting
The matted or rough surface sometimes given to work before gilding or silvering. See Electro Plating, Bronzing and Staining. The gray surface produced on steel work of watches is also known as frosting, though more commonly called graying.
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Frothingham
OCTAVIUS BROOKS, an American clergyman; born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 26, 1822. His radical views led to the resignation of his pastorate in the Unitarian Church, Salem, Mass. He preached in Jersey City in 1855-1859; then organized the Third Unitarian Church in New York City, where he preached very radical and advanced views till the dissolution of the Church in 1879. The remainder of his life was devoted to travel and literary pursuits, his home being in Boston. His works include: "Stories from the Old Testament"; "The Religion of Humanity"; "The Cradle of the Christ"; "Memoir of W. H. Channing"; "The Safest Creed"; "Beliefs of the Unbelievers"; "Creed and Conduct"; "The Rising and the Setting Faith"; "Transcendentalism in New England"; "Recollections and Impressions"; etc. He died in Boston, Nov. 27, 1895.
ARTHUR LIN- COLN, an American archeologist, born in Boston Rome and in Germany. He was a lecturer in archæology at Johns Hopkins University from 1882 to 1886. In 1887 a member of the faculty of Princeton University, as professor of archæology and ancient history, serving until 1906. In 1395-1896 he was director of the American School of Classical Studies at Rome. He was a member of many learned societies and was the author of "A History of Sculpture"; of Christian Rome" "Monuments (1908); "A History of Architecture" (1915); and "Handbook of War Facts the calyx and the corolla are converted and Peace Problems" (1918).
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Fructidor
the name given in October, 1793, by the French Convention to the 12th month of the republican year. It commenced on Aug. 18, and ended on Sept. 16, and was the third summer month.
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Fruit Trade
. See Apple ; Banana ; Peach ; Pear ; Fig ; Lemon ; Orange ; California ; Cold Storage , etc.
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Fryatt
CHARLES, master mariner, of captain a British merchant steamer which, on being signaled to stop by a German submarine in the North Sea in March, 1916, attempted to ram the submarine, so that the latter was compelled to submerge. For this act Captain Fryatt received a gold watch from the British Admiralty on arriving in England and was honorably mentioned in the House of Commons. In the following June Captain Fryatt , while piloting a passenger steamer across the North Sea, from Rotterdam to an English port, was captured by a German torpedo boat. A month later he was tried by court-martial at Bruges as a "franc-tireur" and sentenced to death, being executed immediately afterward. World-wide indignation was roused by this act on the part of the Germans, who thereby attempted to terrorize all skippers of merchant vessels attacked by their submarines into submitting without resistance.
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Frye
WILLIAM PIERCE, American diplomatist; born in Lewiston, Me., Sept. 2, an 1831; was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1850; and was later admitted to the bar; was a Cepresentative in Congress in 1871-1881. In the latter year he was elected to the United States Senate; and was re-elected in 1887, 1893, 1900, 1907. He was president pro tem. of the Senate in 1896-1901; was a member of the American-Spanish Peace Commission in 1898, and after the death of Vice-President Hobart was again elected president pro tem. of the Senate. Senator Frye was for many years a member of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. He died in 1911.
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Fuca
STRAIT OF. See JUAN DE
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Fuenterrabia
FUENTERRABIA, or FONTARABIA, a fortified frontier and seaport town of Spain, in Biscay, province of Guipuzcoa, on a small neck of land, on the left bank of the Bidassoa, at its mouth 20 miles W. by S. of Bayonne. The town used to be reckoned one of the keys of the kingdom, but its walls were leveled by the British troops in 1813. Fuenterrabia was taken, in 1521, by Francis I. of France, in 1719, by the Duke of Berwick.
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