Fricourt
a French village in the valley of the Ancre, about 12 miles S. W. of Bapaume, the center of heavy fighting on the western front, during the World War. It was the scene of especially important operations during the offensive launched by the British in the Ancre Valley, on July 1, 1916. Fricourt then marked the apex of a pronounced salient formed by the German N. H., Oct 16, 1806; was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1823 and admitted to the bar in 1827. He entered politics and soon acquired a national reputation as a lawyer and a Whig. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1854, and a week after he took his seat made a speech against the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, which placed him in the front rank of senatorial orators. During the Civil War he was conspicuous for his efforts to sustain the national credit. He was made Secretary of the Treasury in 1864, and, having placed it on a firm basis, resigned in 1865 to return to his seat in the Senate. He died in Portland, Me., Sept. 8, 1869.
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Friction Clutch
in machinery, a device for connecting two shafts by bringing a piece on one shaft into contact with a piece of another shaft, which revolves with such force that the former partakes of the motion of the latter. It consists of a shell or box fixed on the end of a driving shaft, fitted by a conical Vol. IV-Cyc-O FRENCH, SOCIETY OF piece which slides on a feather or raised part of the end of another shaft, so that it can be engaged at pleasure by the cone being forced into the shell by a lever or screw. This apparatus is very useful for driving machines, the parts of which are subject to violent strains, as the pressure upon the clutch can be regulated so as to allow it to slip when the strain is abnormal.
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Friction Wheel
in machinery, a wheel, the motion of which is caused by the friction of a moving body, or, conversely, which communicates motion to a body by frictional contact. In one variety, one wheel being driven becomes a motor to the other, their perimeters being in contact. The surface is usually clothed with leather, rubber, or some sufficiently elastic material which does not polish too readily, and thus induce slipping. By grooving the perimeters of the wheels, the contact may be made more intimate, as the surface engaged is increased, and the elastic material of the respective faces caused to bind. In another form a collar fastened to the central shaft has four pivoted arms. When the rim turns in one direction, the arms turn on their pivots, leaving the rim and failing to transfer the motion to the shaft. When the rim turns in the contrary direction, the arms catch against it and are rotated by the contact, turning the shaft also. Another form has an upper india-rubber wheel with Vedge, clamped between two metallic plates. By screwing up the nut which holds the parts together, the disk is made to expand radially, and thus increase the tractive power on the lower driving wheel. The term friction wheel is often, but erroneously, applied to wheels which diminish friction; these are properly called anti-friction wheels. FRIENDLY ISLANDS. See TONGA.
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Frictional Escapements
Those escapements in which the balance is never free or detached from the escapement. In contra-distinction to the detached escapement. The duplex, cylinder or verge are examples of frictional escapements. FRODSHAM, CHARLES. A skillful and successful watchmaker of London and the author of several valuable works on watchmaking. He was born in 1810 and died in 1871.
Only in American Watchmaker and Jeweler
Friday
the sixth day of the week. The name was given by the Anglo-Saxons in honor of their goddess Freya, who corresponds in Teutonic mythology to the Roman Venus or goddess of love. Among the Turks, Arabs, and other Mohammedans, Friday is the Sabbath or day of assembly. According to their traditions this was the day of the week on which Adam was created and received into Paradise. Also the day on which he was driven from Eden and the day on which he died. Among Christians Good Friday is the Friday preceding Easter Sunday. There is a popular superstition that Friday is a day of ill luck. Until of late Friday was considered the proper day to set for the execution of criminals; hence it is sometimes called Hangman's Day. See Freya
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Friendly Societies
societies formed with the view of assisting any one of their members who may be sick, infirm, or old, or who may have to meet the expense of a funeral in his family; or for providing a certain amount of support for his widow and family on his death. To obtain money for those objects, there is a fixed scale of contributions binding on all the members. Friendly societies existed among the Anglo- Saxons. An act for the encouragement of such institutions was passed by the English Parliament in 1793. See FRATER- NAL SOCIETIES.
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Friends of God
A mystical society founded in Germany in the fourteenth century, for the purpose of ministering to the poor by preaching and sacrament. Its members included men and women of every rank and station; not only monks and nuns, but knights, farmers, artizans, merchants. Their law was: "That universal love, commanded by Christ, and not to be gainsaid by his vicar." Their prophecies and warnings roused the ire of certain of the clergy, and they were charged with sectarianism.
Only in An Encyclopaedia of Occultism
Frieze
frez, a heavy woolen fabric with a long, rough nap, used for overcoats, cloaks, and jackets. The best frieze is of Irish manufacture, and has a world-wide renown. The Irish frieze is impervious to water, and is extremely durable. It is made of the longest and strongest wool. It is dyed in the mass, and is doubled when spun, so as to resemble knitting yarn. The cloth is well fulled, and is finished with a shaggy nap. Medium and cheap grades of frieze are made in this country. They are woven double and are fulled and finished with a shaggy nap. Large quantities of flock are used in the fulling process to give extra bulk and warmth to the fabric. See Flock ; Fulling ; Double Cloth
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