Frothingham (II)
OCTAVIUS BROOKS, an American clergyman; born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 26, 1822. His radical views led to the resignation of his pastorate in the Unitarian Church, Salem, Mass. He preached in Jersey City in 1855-1859; then organized the Third Unitarian Church in New York City, where he preached very radical and advanced views till the dissolution of the Church in 1879. The remainder of his life was devoted to travel and literary pursuits, his home being in Boston. His works include: "Stories from the Old Testament"; "The Religion of Humanity"; "The Cradle of the Christ"; "Memoir of W. H. Channing"; "The Safest Creed"; "Beliefs of the Unbelievers"; "Creed and Conduct"; "The Rising and the Setting Faith"; "Transcendentalism in New England"; "Recollections and Impressions"; etc. He died in Boston, Nov. 27, 1895.
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Fructidor
the name given in October, 1793, by the French Convention to the 12th month of the republican year. It commenced on Aug. 18, and ended on Sept. 16, and was the third summer month.
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Fruit Trade
. See Apple ; Banana ; Peach ; Pear ; Fig ; Lemon ; Orange ; California ; Cold Storage , etc.
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Fry
ELIZABETH (GURNEY), an English philanthropist and prison reformer; born in Earlham, Earlham, Norfolk, Eng- Larinam, land, May 21, 1780. Brought up a Quaker by her family, she did not adapt her mode of life to that prescribed by the more orthodox of the sect till 1798, being then induced to do so by the preaching of William Savery, an American Friend traveling in England. This change was consummated by her marriage, in 1800, with Joseph Fry , himself Friend." In 1810 Mrs. Fry joined the a "plain ministry, and thenceforward devoted herself to Christian service. By her exertions, important reforms were effected in the prison systems of Great Britain, France and Germany. She died in Ramsgate, Oct. 12 , 1845.
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Fry (SIR EDWARD British lawyer)
SIR EDWARD. British lawyer. He was born at Bristol, Eng., in 1827, and was educated at Bristol College and University College, London. He was admitted to the bar in 1854, and became Queen's Council and Bencher of Lincoln's Inn in 1869. He presided over the Royal Commission on the Irish Lord Acts in 1897-1898; was Conciliator in the S. Wales Colliery Dispute in 1898; Chairman of the Departmental Committee on the Patent Laws in 1900; Arbitrator between the United States and Mexico in the Pious Funds case 1902, and Ambassador Extraordinary and First British Plenipotentiary to the Hague Peace Conference in 1907. He was successively Judge of the High Court, of the Chancery Division, and of Appeal. He died in 1918. His works include: "The Doctrine of Election"; "Treatise on the Specific Performance of Contracts"; "British Mosses"; "Studies by the by the way."
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Fryatt
CHARLES, master mariner, of captain a British merchant steamer which, on being signaled to stop by a German submarine in the North Sea in March, 1916, attempted to ram the submarine, so that the latter was compelled to submerge. For this act Captain Fryatt received a gold watch from the British Admiralty on arriving in England and was honorably mentioned in the House of Commons. In the following June Captain Fryatt , while piloting a passenger steamer across the North Sea, from Rotterdam to an English port, was captured by a German torpedo boat. A month later he was tried by court-martial at Bruges as a "franc-tireur" and sentenced to death, being executed immediately afterward. World-wide indignation was roused by this act on the part of the Germans, who thereby attempted to terrorize all skippers of merchant vessels attacked by their submarines into submitting without resistance.
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Frye
WILLIAM PIERCE, American diplomatist; born in Lewiston, Me., Sept. 2, an 1831; was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1850; and was later admitted to the bar; was a Cepresentative in Congress in 1871-1881. In the latter year he was elected to the United States Senate; and was re-elected in 1887, 1893, 1900, 1907. He was president pro tem. of the Senate in 1896-1901; was a member of the American-Spanish Peace Commission in 1898, and after the death of Vice-President Hobart was again elected president pro tem. of the Senate. Senator Frye was for many years a member of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. He died in 1911.
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Fuca
STRAIT OF. See JUAN DE
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Fuenterrabia
FUENTERRABIA, or FONTARABIA, a fortified frontier and seaport town of Spain, in Biscay, province of Guipuzcoa, on a small neck of land, on the left bank of the Bidassoa, at its mouth 20 miles W. by S. of Bayonne. The town used to be reckoned one of the keys of the kingdom, but its walls were leveled by the British troops in 1813. Fuenterrabia was taken, in 1521, by Francis I. of France, in 1719, by the Duke of Berwick.
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Fugitive Slave Law
a law man" (1893) was received with extraorconferred on him the Legion of Honor in
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Fugue
in music, a polyphonic composition constructed on one or more short subjects or themes, which are harmonized according to the laws of counterpoint, and introduced from time to time with various contrapuntal devices; the interest in these frequently heard themes being sustained by diminishing the interval of time at which they follow each other, and monotony being avoided by the occasional use of episodes, or passages open to free treatment. The chief elements of a fugue are: (1) the subject; (2) the counter-subject, or contrapuntal harmonization of the answer by the part which has finished the enunciation of the subject; (3) the answer; (4) episodes; (5) the stretto; and (6) the pedal point.
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Fukien
or FOKIEN, a province of China, situated on the sea-coast. It has an area of 46,320 square miles and an estimated population of 8,560,000. The capital is Foochow. Formosa, formerly a part of the province, was separated from it in 1886. Low mountain ranges cross from southwest to northeast. The only level tracts are found near the mouths of the Min and Lung rivers. The soil is well adapted to cultivation and produces large quantities of tea, rice, sweet potatoes, wheat, indigo, sugar, etc. There is also an important lumbering industry in the interior. Tea is grown widely. The province has been for centuries noted for its production of porcelain. The two treaty ports are Foochow and Amoy. In 1889 another port, San Tu Ao, was voluntarily opened to foreign trade.
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