Fungi
fun'jl, singular Fungus, a class of colorless plants, including mushrooms, puff balls, rusts, smuts, mildews, and yeast. Being without the green of ordinary plants, they cannot feed on true soil, however rich, but grow in plant and animal tissue, living or dead. They play a part in turning animal and plant matter, called organic matter, back into soil, and are useful. Were it not for fungi and bacteria, which see, we should have no decay, or way of turning plants and animals back into soil again. On the other hand, fungi do much damage. The decay which attacks a bruised apple, plum, orange, or other fruit is a fungus. Mildew is a fungus. Potato scab and the stain that attacks rose leaves are fungi. There are, in all, probably not less than 250,000 distinct fungi, many of them so small as to be seen only under the microscope. See Bacterium ; Mold; Mildew ; Truffle ; Lichen ; Yeast ; Smut ; Toadstool ; Mushroom ; Ergot
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Fungus
in botany, the singular of fungi; a term of comprehensive meaning, used for any plant belonging to the fungal alliance. Some botanists not infrequently apply the term fungal instead of fungus. In medicine, a morbid growth suggestive of a fungus, and generally dependent on the presence of vegetable parasites.
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Funk
Important: Safety Warning This page offers rules for telling edible mushrooms from poisonous ones. No such rules are reliable, and these identifications predate modern mycology. Deadly species closely resemble edible ones, and mistakes are regularly fatal. Never eat a wild mushroom on the strength of this text. This information has been left in for historical purposes but should not be acted upon. ISAAC KAUFFMAN, American editor and publisher, born at Clifton, Ohio, in 1839. He was educated at Wittenberg College, Ohio. For several years he was a pastor in Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1878 he formed the publishing house of Funk and Wagnalls and published many reprints of English books. In 1889 the Literary Digest was established and in 1898 the Standard Dicti TITI ٠١١١ 2 1 6 2 5 EDIBLE FUNGI 1. Lacteria 2. Morel 3. Ringed Boletus 4. Rough-Stemmed Boletus ary was published. This was revised in 1913. He was an active Prohibitionist and founded in 1880 the "Voice" as an organ of that party. In his later years he became interested in psychical research and wrote "The Next Step in Evolution" (1902); and "The Psychic Riddle" (1907). He died in 1912.
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Furlong
an English measure of distance. Taken literally, it means a furrow long, or the distance across a customary field. The term gradually acquired a definite meaning of forty rods, or one-eighth of a mile. It is used by writers to translate the Greek stadium.
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Furlough
fur'lo, temporary leave of absence granted to a soldier or sailor. To protect himself against the charge of desertion, a soldier is entitled to receive a written furlough which he must carry on his person. The same permission granted to an officer is called leave of absence. In the volunteer service furloughs are granted frequently in case the services of soldiers are not required immediately, but may be recalled in case of emergency. During the Civil War soldiers who were wounded and rendered unfit for duty, but who were yet able to travel, were granted furloughs not infrequently with permission to go home and recuperate until they were sent for.
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Furman University
a coeducational institution in Greenville, S. C.; founded in 1854 under the auspices of the Baptist Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 11; students, 300; president, S. E. Bradshaw, A. M.
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Furness
HORACE HOWARD, an American Shakespeare scholar and editor; son of William H.; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 2, 1833; was graduated at Harvard in 1854; studied law, and fur- was admitted to the bar in 1859. The (See honorary degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by the University of Göttingen. He was the editor of the exhaustive "New Variorum Edition" (1871-1900), of Shakespeare. He died in 1912.
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Furness (II)
WILLIAM HENRY, an American clergyman and author; born in Boston, Mass., April 20, 1802. He was educated at Harvard; studied theol- Cambridge, Mass., and was pastor ogy at Cam of the First Unitarian Church in Philadelphia in 1825-1875. Among his numer- "Remarks on the Four ous works are: Gospels" (1836); "Jesus and His Biographers" (1838); "The Story of the Resurrection Told Once More" (1885); "Verses and Translations from the German Poets" (1886); "Pastoral Offices" (1893). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 30, 1896.
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Furniss
HARRY, an English artist. He was born in Wexford, in 1854, and settled in London at nineteen. He contributed for many years to the "Illustrated London News," "Graphic," "Black and White," "Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News," and other magazines in England and America. He joined the staff of "Punch" in 1880, and has since toured the United States, Canada, Australia, etc., as a humorous lecturer. His works include: "Romps, Flying Visits"; "Royal Academy Antics"; "Humours of Parliament"; "America in a Hurry"; "P. and O. Sketches"; "Confessions of a Caricaturist"; "Harry Furniss at Home"; "Poverty Bay" (novel); "How to Draw in Pen and Ink"; "Friends Without Faces"; "Our Lady Cinema"; "Peace in War."
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Furnivall
FREDERICK JAMES, an English historian of literature; born , Surrey, England, , Feb. 4, 1825. Feb in Egham A lawyer by profession, he became a socialist and reformer, and a student of debatable literary problems. His labors resulted in the production of "Shakespeare's England" (1877), and many (1 editions of old masterpieces, such as: "Saint-Graal, the History of the Holy Graal in English Verse, by Henry Lonelich," and "Caxton's Book of Curtesye." He died July 2, 1910.
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Furze
. See Gorse
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Fusarole
or FUSAROL, in architecture, a molding or ornament placed immediately under the echinus in the Doric, Ionic, and Composite capitals; the shaft of a column, pilaster, or pillar, or that part comprehended between the shaft and the capital.
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Fusel Oil
an oily product formed during the fermentation of potatoes, corn, and the juice of grapes. This is separated separat in the rectification of the spirit, occurring in the last part of the distillate as an acrid, oily liquid, having a peculiar odor and burning taste; it is poisonous.
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