Faraday, Michael
Michael (1791-1867), a distinguished English chemist. His father was a blacksmith near London. He was apprenticed at an early age to a book binder, an occupation which gave him opportunity to read. Young Michael had few opportunities for an education, but managed to attend a series of poular lectures on chemistry given by Sir Humphry Davy. Faraday's notes attracted the lecturer's attention. To the young man's great delight, he was engaged as an assistant and traveled about setting up apparatus and getting everything ready for the lecture. Sir Humphry, the most noted chemist of the day, was wont to declare that his greatest discovery was "Mike" Faraday. Under his master's instruction, Faraday was the first to condense gases into liquids by pressure. He succeeded Sir Humphry as professor of chemistry in the Royal Institute. Among his most noted publications are his Lectures on the Chemical History of a Candle. He also contributed to the study of glaciers, heat, ice, electricity, and magnetism. He is said to have contributed something new to almost every department of physics. As a lecturer he was very successful by reason of his charm of manner, simplicity of style, and facility in illustration. The great work of his life was a series of Experimental Researches on Electricity, published in Philosophical Transactions. See Davy
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Farce
a comic dramatic performance in which the characters and incidents are grotesque and absurd. Sometimes a farce is in the form of an opera. It is then a musical farce, comic opera, opera bouffe, or burletta. See Drama ; Comedy Farce is that in poetry which grotesque is in a picture; the persons and actions of a farce are all unnatural, and the manners false--Dryden.
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Fargo
a city and county-seat of Cass co., N. D.; on the Red river, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, the Northern Pacific, and the Great Northern railroads; opposite Moorhead, Minn. Here are a United States land office, Fargo College (Cong.), the State Agricultural and Mechanical College, high school, court house, waterworks, street railroad and electric light plants, several banks, hospitals, parks, and a number of daily and weekly newspapers. It has the car shops of the Northern Pacific railroad, flour, planing and paper mills, large grain elevators, knitting mills, bottling works, and large brick yards. Pop. (1910) 14,331; (1920) 21,961.
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Fargo College
a coeducational institution in Fargo, N. D.; founded in 1888 under the auspices of the Congregational Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 32; students, 602. President, W. H. Howard. FARGO, WILLIAM GEORGE, an American capitalist; born in Pompey, N. Y., May 20, 1818; became Buffalo agent of the Pomeroy Express Company in 1843; established the first express company W. of Buffalo, in 1844; and, in 1868, became president of the great corporation controlling the whole West, the Wells Fargo Express Company. He died in Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1881.
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Faribault
a city and county-seat of Rice co., Minn.; at the confluence of the Cannon and Straight rivers, and on the Chicago Great Western, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroads; 53 miles S. of St. Paul. Here are a court house, city hall, public library, the Shattuck Military School, the Seabury Divinity School, the State Schools for the Deaf, Blind, and Imbeciles, Bethlehem Academy for Girls, St. Mary's School tric lights and nd electric monthly periodicals. It has for Girls, gas and weekly and mo manufactories of pianos, carriages, fur- , boiler works, foundry products, s, niture, are rattan goods, and gasoline engines, and canning establishments, flour, planing and woolen mills. Pop. (1910) 9,001; (1920) 11,089.
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Farley
JOHN MURPHY, CARDI- NAL, an American prelate. He was born at Newton Hamilton, Armagh, Ireland, in 1842, and received his preliminary education in his native place. Co Coming to the United States in early youth he became a student at St. John's College, Fordham, and at St. Joseph's Sem- CARDINAL FARLEY inary, Troy, and then was transferred to the American College at Rome. He was ordained priest in Rome in 1870 and took charge of a parish in Staten Island for two years. After acting as secretary to Cardinal McCloskey he was chosen rector of the American College at Rome, but was retained in New York and given the appointment of private chamberlain. In 1891 he became vicar-general of the archdiocese of New York, and in 1895 prothonotary apostolic. He was then made assistant bishop, and in 1902 succeeded New York. In 1911 he as archbishop of of journeyed to Rome to be made cardinal and on his return to New York was given a great popular ovation. During the later as during the early years of his archiepiscopate he showed great energy in furthering the erection of churches, schools, orphanages, hospitals, and other institutions in the popular archdiocese. He died at Mamaroneck, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1918. He was an eloquent preacher and was a contributor to several magazines. He was author of a "Life of Cardinal McCloskey."
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Farmer
one who farms or contracts to collect taxes, imposts, duties, etc., for a certain payment per cent.; also one who farms or cultivates ground; an agriculturist; a husbandman. See FARMER LABOR PARTY. - UNITED STATES, POLITICAL HAPPENINGS.
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Farmer's Satin
a lining material woven with cotton warp and worsted weft by the "satin" method. This produces a smooth surface which is finished with a high luster. It is used for lining men's readymade garments, and for other linings where durability is required. See Satin
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Farmers' Alliance
a general term for an American association of agriculturists which was founded in 1873, originally in Texas, where it was organized for the purpose of co-operation against cattle thieves. In 1887 its members had increased to over 100,000, its scope was greatly extended, and it consolidated with the Farmers' Union of Louisiana, becoming incorporated under the laws of the District of Columbia, as the National Farmers' Alliance and Cooperative Union. In 1880 the National Agricultural Wheel was organized in Arkansas, and branches were formed in other States. These two organizations were consolidated at St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 1, 1889, under the name of the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, with a membership then estimated at from 1,600,000 to 2,500,000. This society is in active operation in all the Southern and Western States (except Ohio and Wyoming), and in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Another organization, called the National Farmers' Alliance, was formed in Chicago in 1880. In 1892, fusing with others as the People's party, it nominated J. B. Weaver for President and cast 1,041,021 votes. The Southern branch seceded and went out of politics. The Farmers' National Alliance held a convention in 1914, when it claimed a membership of over 3,000,- 000. The Alliance advocated Federal assistance for inland commerce, a literacy test for immigrants, and a poll tax upon them.
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