Gangrene
a tendency to death or mortification, but stopping short of the complete process. It may affect an organ, such as the lung, but this is rare, or the soft tissues, which is common, particularly of the foot, especially in the aged, as senile gangrene. When part remains alive it is gangrene, when it is completely dead sphacelus. So in bone, caries and necrosis occur, the first as gangrene or incomplete, the second as sphacelus of complete death. Degeneration differs from gangrene in not becoming isolated or putrid, but, if not absorbed, remaining in continuity with surrounding parts. Gangrene of soft parts is usually termed sloughing. Necramia, or death of the blood, and sequestrum, or a dead piece of bone, are examples of gangrenous lesions.
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Gangway
a passage or means of temporary access to a place or building, consisting of an inclined plane of planks; specifically, the opening in the bulwarks of a vessel by which persons come on board or disembark; also the temporary bridge affording means of passing from the ship to the shore, or vice versa. To bring to the gangway, to punish a sailor by seizing and flogging him. In the British House of Commons, a narrow passage running across the House and dividing the seats on each side into two parts. Above the gangway, that is, near the Speaker's end of the House, sit the Ministry and Opposition with their respective adherents, the former on the Speaker's right, the latter on his left. Below the gangway sit the neutral or independent members. In mining a main level, applied chiefly to coal mines.
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Ganhwei
or AN- HWEI (än-hwā'ē), an E. inland province of China, intersected by the Yang-tse- Kiang.
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Gannett
HENRY, an American geographer; born in Bath, Me., Aug. 24, 1846; was graduated at the Lawrence Scientific School, in 1869; became geographer of the United States Geological Survey in 1882; was geographer of the 10th, 11th, and 12th censuses, and of those taken by the War Department in Cuba and Porto Rico in 1899. His publications include "Manual of Topographic Surveying"; "Statistical Atlases 10th and 11th Censuses"; "Dictionary of Altitudes"; "Commercial Geography"; etc. He died in 1914.
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Gannister
A highly refractory siliceous rock, used very extensively in the several processes connected with the manufacture of steel and in the production of steel castings, but especially as a lining for the Bessemer converters. Ground quartz, sand, and fire-clay are mixed with this substance in varying proportions; but the silica, about 90 per cent, is cemented to some extent by the argillaceous matter it contains, making it in some instances sufficiently cohesive for ramming around a plug, and thus forming a solid lining in converters and steel-melting furnaces without any ad-mixture of alumina, etc., in which case the shrinkage is materially reduced and the original shape retained under very intense heat. See CONVERTER; REFRACTORY MATERIALS.
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Ganymedes
A beautiful youth of Phrygia. He was taken to heaven by Jupiter while tending flocks on Mount Ida, and he became the cupbearer of the gods in place of Hebe . Garumna (Garonne). One of the chief rivers of Gaul, rising in the Pyrenees, flowing northwest through Aquitania, and becoming a bay of the sea below Burdigala (Bordeaux).
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Ganz
RUDOLPH, a pianist and composer, born in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1877. He studied music in Switzerland and Germany and made his first appearance in Zurich at the age of 12. He later made extensive concert tours in Europe and in 1900 came to the United States. He taught music in Chicago from 1902 to 1905. In the latter he abandoned teaching to undertake concert tours. He appeared with the leading orchestras and musical United organizations throughout the States and Canada. His musical works include a symphony, many piano pieces, and over 200 songs.
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Gap
the mountain capital of the French department of Ilautes Alpes; on the Luye river; 2,424 feet above sealevel, among vine-clad slopes, 47 miles S. E. of Grenoble. It has a cathedral (rebuilt since 1866), and some manufactures of silk and cotton fabrics, and hats. The ancient Vapincum, it was formerly a fortress of some importance, and gave the title of Gapençois to the surrounding district of Dauphiné. Pop. about 11,000.
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Garaye
LA, ruined a château in Brittany, 2 miles from Dinan. Its last owners, Claude Toussaint and his countess, in the first half of the 18th century converted it into a hospital.
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Garboard Strake
or GAR- BOARD STREAK, in shipbuilding, the range of planks nearest to the keel. In the merchant service, the rabbet to receive the garboard strake is made along the upper edge of the keel. In the navy, a groove is made half-way down the keel to receive the garboard strake.
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Garcilaso
a Spanish historian; born in Cuzco, Peru, in 1540. He was son of Garcilaso de la Vega, one of the conquerors of Peru, and was surnamed the Inca, from his mother, a princess of the royal race of the Incas, At the age of 20 he went to Spain, and lived the rest of his life at Cordova. His first work (1605) was an account of the conquest of Florida by Fernando de Soto. In 1609 appeared the first, and eight years later the second part of his great work on the history of Peru, entitled "Royal Commentaries"; translated into English by Sir Paul Rycaut (1688), and by C. R. Markham for the Hakluyt Society (1869). He died in Cordova, Spain, in 1616. GARCINIA (named after Laurent Garcin, an Oriental traveler), in botany, a genus of guttifers, the typical one of the tribe Garciniex. The fruit of G. mangostana is the highly-prized mangosteen. The fruits of G. pedunculata, G cornea, and G. kydiana are also eaten, valued. G. but are not greatly cambogia and other species of the genus furnish GAMBOGE (q. v.).
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Gard
a department in the S. of France, on the Mediterranean; bounded on the E. by the Rhône river; area, 2,253 square miles, one-third of which is arable; pop. about 414,000. It is watered mainly by the Rhône, and by its tributaries, the Gard-from which the department has its name and the Cèze. Of its surface the N. W. is occupied by a branch of the Cévennes, the remainder slopes toward the Rhône and the Mediterranean, the coast being lined_by extensive and unhealthy marshes. The soil is unequal, the best land occurring in the river valleys. The famous grapes have almost disappeared before the ravages of the phylloxera. The rearing of silkworms is widely engaged in, and the cultivation of olives and chestnuts is of value. The minerals include coal, iron, argentiferous lead, antimony, marble, and salt; and the department's iron and steel works are important. Chief city, Nîmes. Pop. about 80,000.
PONT DU (pôn dü), a fine Roman aqueduct, in Gard, 10 miles from Nîmes, joining two mountains and passing over the Gardon. It has three tiers of arches, and is 160 feet high.
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