Gear
in machinery, the furniture, rigging, tackle (jeers), apparatus, and appurtenances of an implement: e. g., expansion sion gear, valve gear, pump gear, plow gear; the working parts of a locomotive; the rigging of a spar or sail; the running parts of a wheeled vehicle, as the fore gears, hind gears, referring to the fore axle and its wheels, the hind axle and its wheels. To the former is attached the tongue and fore hounds, to the latter the hind hounds. Each carries its bolster. The term is also applied to other mechanical devices by which motion is transmitted; as change gear, chain gear, back gear, overhead gear; or by which parts are operated, as hoisting gear.
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Geared Ladle
A pouring ladle provided with mechanism for tipping, invented by James Nasmyth, England. Makers of geared ladles, now very numerous, mount them with every conceivable variety of suitable gearing, from the simple wheel and pinion, spur or worm, to the more elaborate ones that are double-geared, or with mitre-wheels in addition to the worm-gearing. See LADLE.
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Gearing
a train or series of wheels with cogs for transmitting motion; the parts in machinery by which motion is communicated. In spur gearing the teeth are arranged round either the concave or convex surface of a cylindrical wheel in the direction of radii from the center of the wheel, and are of equal depth throughout. In beveled gearing the teeth are placed upon the exterior periphery of a conical wheel in a direction converging to the apex of the cone, and the depth of the teeth gradually diminishes from the base.
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Geashill
a parish of Ireland, in Kings county; about 8 miles N. W. of Portarlington. It contains the ruins of a castle heroically defended during the civil war of 1641 by Lady Digby.
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Geaster
or GEASTRUM (so called from the stellate appearance of the species when burst and lying on the ground), in botany, earth stars; a genus of gasteromycetous fungi, sub-order Trichogastres. It was formed by Micheli to include the puffballs, having a stellated volva. They are small fungi, often of a brown color. G. hygrometricus, as the name implies, readily absorbs and retains moisture.
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Geba
a Levitical town of Benjamin, situated 6 or 7 miles from Jerusalem, and not far from the N. border of the kingdom of Judah. Near Geba David defeated the Philistines (II Sam. v: 25).
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Geelong
a city of Victoria, Australia; on Corio Bay, 45 miles S. W. of Melbourne. It is well laid out, and has some handsome buildings. The gold discoveries in 1851 brought it prosperity. Limestone and a kind of marble are Ammonite fire-god (II Kings xxiii: 10; found in the neighborhood. The industries are the manufacture of woolen cloths and paper, meat preserving, tanning, rope making, fishing, etc. It has two parks, botanical garden, government buildings, a town hall, a new postoffice (1889), an excellent hospital, a chamber of commerce, mechanics' institute, etc. Corio Bay is a favorite bathing resort; and on the E. boundary of the town are extensive limestone quarries. Pop., including suburbs (1918), 34,080.
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Geelvink Bay
an arm miles of the Pacific, penetrating 125 S. into the W. arm of New Guinea. Its entrance, about 155 miles wide, is protected by several islands; its shores are well wooded, flat and fertile, but unhealthy. The bay is separated by a narrow mus from the Alfura Sea on the S., and by a still narrower isthmus from Mc- Clure Gulf on the W. GEESTEMÜNDE (gas'te-mün-de), a of seaport of Prussia, at the confluence immediately the Geeste with the Weser; S. E. of Bremerhaven. It owes its importance to the docks and wharves constructed in 1857-1863. It has also a school of navigation; imports petroleum, tobacco, rice, coffee, timber, and corn; industries conand carries on various nected with shipping.
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Gehenna (otherwise Hell)
The word is derived from the Hebrew ge and Hinnom, the Valley of Hinnom-originally a valley in Palestine where the Jews passed their children through the fire to Moloch, the god of the Ammonites. Gehenna is popularly regarded as a place of torment to which the wicked are consigned when they leave this earth: it is pictured as a bottomless pit, lit only by the fire which is never quenched. In Dante and Milton, we have diverse descriptions of Hell-the one of unutterable anguish, horror and despair; the other more sublimely imaginative, and pierced with rays of faith and love. The locality of Hell, and the duration of its torments, have for centuries been the subject of much questioning. By some, it is believed, that there is a purgatorial region-a kind of upper Gehenna, "in which the souls of just men are cleansed by a temporary punishment" before they are admitted to Heaven. It was believed that during this period the soul could revisit the places and persons whom it had loved. By the Persians, Gehenna was understood as the place inhabited by the divs, or rebellious angels, and to which they had been confined when they refused to bow down before the first man. Gehenna is used in the New Testament for Hell,
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Geikie
SIR ARCHIBALD (gēki), a Scottish geologist; born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Dec. 28, 1835. He was eduuniversity. cated at the high school and In 1855 he was appointed to the Geologto ical Survey; in 1867 became director the survey in Scotland; from 1870 to 1881 was Murchison Professor of Geology in Edinburgh University; and in 1881 was appointed director-general to , being the survey of the United Kingdom at the same time placed at the head of the Museum of Practical Geology, Lonof a don. He is the author of "Story Boulder" (1858); "Phenomena of the ); "The Glacial Drift of Scotland" (1863 in Connec- Scenery of Scotland Viewed coming next to Stockholm and Gothen- tion with Its Physical Geology" (1865; 2d ed. 1887); "Memoir of Sir R. Murch- Geology" ison" (1874); "Text-book of of Geology" (1882); "The Founders (1898); (1897); "Types of Scenery" etc., besides numerous class-books, primers, etc., on geology.
JAMES, a Scottish geologist; born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Aug. 23, 1839. He received an education similar Havto that of his brother Archibald. ing served on the Geological Survey of from 1861 to 1882, he succeeded Scotland Professor of his brother as Murchison Geology in Edinburgh University. He is the author of "The Great Ice Age" (2d ed. 1877); "Prehistoric Europe" (1881); "Outlines of Geology" (1886; 2d edition 1888); a translation of "Songs H. Heine and other Gerand Lyrics by man Poets" (1887); "Earth Sculpture" (1898); "Mountains" (1913); "Antiquity of Man in Europe" (1913). He died in 1915.
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