Gauge (PRESSURE an instrument)
PRESSURE, an instrument for indicating the intensity of a fluid contained in a closed vessel. Gauges are divided into three classes: the mercurial pressure gauge, the air manometer, and the spring gauge. The mercurial gauge consists of an inverted siphon or "U" tube of glass, the lower part of which contains mercury, and whose vertical legs are divided either in parts of an inch or divisions indicating pounds per square inch. One leg of the tube is open to the atmosphere and the other communicates with the vessel containing the fluid. The difference in level of the mercury indicates the difference in pressure between the atmosphere and the fluid. The air manometer consists of a long vertical glass tube closed at the upper end, open at the lower end, containing air and immersed in a transparent liquid which communicates with the vessel in which the pressure is to be determined. The compression of the air in the tube is proportional to the pressure. Spring gauges have metallic tubes or drums communicating with the closed vessel. The pressure tends to straighten the tube. The motion produced in the tube or drum is transmitted to a pointer by means of levers or other gearing. The pointer travels over a graduated arc from which the pressure is read directly.
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Gauge (Standard of measurement)
a standard of measurement. As applied to railways, gauge signifies the distance between the centers of each pair of rails, which in the ordinary or narrow gauge is 4 feet 81½ inches. The broad gauge of the Great Western Railway of England was formerly 7 feet; the Irish, Indian, and Spanish gauge is 5 feet 6 inches. Special narrow gauges have recently been adopted for mountain and mineral lines, such as the 3 feet 6 inch gauge of the Norwegian lines. Gauge is also the name applied to various contrivances for measuring any special dimension, such as the wire gauge, an oblong plate of steel, with notches of different widths cut on the edge, and numbered, the size of the wire being determined by trying it in the different notches till one is found which it exactly fits. The thickness of sheet metal is tried by a similar gauge.
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Gauge-stick
A fixed measure employed by a loam-moulder. One edge is straight; its full length represents outside diameter, and notches indicate the core's diameter. A semicircle, cut midway along the straight edge to fit the spindle, enables the moulder to set his sweep-boards, and test the accuracy of his work entirely independent of his rule. It is made handier by reducing its bulk from the middle to the extremities on the back edge. See GAUGE.
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Gauher-Abad
Meaning the Abode of Jewels. This was the name given to one of the capitals of the peris of Persian romance. These were beings of an angelic or well-disposed nature, who inhabited the earth, along with the divs or evil-disposed, before the creation of man. After this event, the peris became inhabitants of the ærial regions, and had three capitals: Shad-u-kam (pleasure and desire), Gauherabad, and Amber-abad (city of Ambergris).
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Gaul
in ancient geography, the country of the Celtic people known as Gauls. Our knowledge of the Gauls and their country is derived chiefly from Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic Wars. Gaul in Caesar's day included a part of Italy and the vast extent of territory extending from the Rhine to the Pyrenees. Several important migrations took place. In 390 B. C. the Gauls sacked Rome. A colony intrenched in Asia Minor was known to the Apostles as the Galatians. France is sometimes called Gaul. See Celts
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Gaul
ALFRED ROBERT, an English composer and organist; born in Norwich, England, in 1837. He was chorister and assistant organist of Norwich Cathedral 1846-1859; organist of St. Augustine's Church, Edgbaston, Birmingham; Mus. B., Cambridge, 1861 . An oratorio, "Hezekiah," the cantatas "Ruth" (1881), First Psalm, Ninetysixth Psalm, "Holy City" (1882), " Passion Music," "The Ten Virgins" (1890 ) , dedicated to the choirs of America, and secular part songs attained success. He died in 1913.
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Gaul (GALLIA the country)
or GALLIA, the country of the ancient Gauls. It extended at one time from the Pyrenees to the Rhir Rhine, and included also a part of Italy. Hence it was divided into Gaul on this side (the Roman side) of the Alps, or Gallia Cisalpina, and Gaul beyond the Alps, or Gallia Transalpina. Latterly the former was regarded quite as part of Italy, and the name Gallia was restricted to Transalpine Gaul, or the country nearly corresponding to modern France . Julius Cæsar, about the middle of the 1st century B. C., found Transalpine Gaul divided into three parts: (1) Aquitania, extending from the Pyrenees to the Garonne, chiefly occupied by Iberian tribes; (2) Gallia Celtica, Celtic Gaul, from the Garonne to the Seine and Marne ; (3) Gallia Belgica, Belgic Gaul, in the N., extending to the Rhine. Cisal
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Gaultheria
a genus of heath-like evergreen aromatic plants and shrubs. The genus was named for Dr. Gaultier, a Canadian physician. It includes about ninety species of North America , the Andes, and eastern Asia. For a description of the best known species, see WINTERGREEN.
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Gauss
KARL FRIEDRICH (gous), German mathematician and astronomer; born in Brunswick, Germany, April 30, 1777. Aided by the Duke of Brunswick, he studied at Brunswick and Göttingen. Here he made several of his greatest discoveries in analysis, which induced him to make the cultivation of science the chief object of his life. He published "Arithmetical Disquisitions" in 1801. In 1807 he received the appointment of ordinary professor and director of the observatory at Göttingen, which situation he held for nearly 48 years. He gave to the world a host of treatises on pure mathematics, geodesy, astronomy, and the cognate sciences, besides making observations on terrestrial magnetism which have proved of great utility to the cultivation of science. He died in Göttingen, Germany, Feb. 23, 1855.
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Gauthier of Bruges
It is related that a Franciscan monk, made a bishop by Pope Nicholas III., and deposed by Clement V., appealed to God against his deposition, and asked that he should be buried with his act of appeal in his hand. Some time after his death, Pope Clement V., visited Poitiers, and, finding himself one day in a Franciscan monastery, asked to see the remains of him whom he had deposed. He caused the tomb to be opened, and was horrified to see Gauthier of Bruges presenting his act of appeal, with a withered hand.
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