Ghent (II)
WILLIAM JAMES, an American writer and economist, born in Frankfort, Ind., in 1866. He was educated in the public schools and for a time worked as a compositor and proofreader in various cities. He became a regular contributor to magazines and in 1897-1899 was editor of the "American Fabian." He was one of the founders of the Social Reform Club of New York, and was secretary of the Rand School of Social Science from 1906 to 1909. From the latter year to 1911 he was president of this school. He was National executive committeeman of the American Alliance for Labor and Democracy for 1917. He wrote "Our Benevolent Feudalism" (1902); "Mass and Class" (1904); and "Socialism and Success" (1910).
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Gherardesca
a family of Tuscan origin which plays an important part in the history of the Italian republics of the Middle Ages. Historically the most prominent member of the family is Ugolino, whose death, and that of his two sons and grandsons, by starvation in the "Tower of Hunger," is described in one of the celebrated passages of Dante's "Divine Comedy." Ugolino had made himself master of Pisa, and had behaved in the most cruel and arbitrary manner for four years, when, in 1288, he was overthrown by a conspiracy.
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Gherardi
BANCROFT (-rär'dê), an American naval officer; born in Jackson, La., Nov. 10, 1832; he entered the navy as midshipman from Massachusetts in 1846, and was at the Naval Academy in 1852. He was lieutenant on the "Lancaster," of the Pacific squadron, at the commencement of the Civil War, and in 1862 was made lieutenant-commander. During the war he commanded the "Chocorua" and "Port Royal," being on the latter vessel in the battle of Mobile Bay, in which he was distinguished for bravery and gallantry. He became commander in 1866; captain in 1874; commodore in 1884; and rear-admiral in 1887; he was commandant of the Brooklyn navy yard in 1886; commanded the North Atlantic Squadron; and directed the Columbian naval review in New York harbor in 1893. He retired in 1894. He died in 1903.
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Gheriah
a town of British India. It was the principal port of Augria, a famous piratical prince, whose fort was taken and his whole fleet destroyed by the English and Mahrattas in 1756.
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Ghetto
the Jewish quarter in Italian cities, to which they were formerly confined. The ghetto of Rome, instituted in 1556 by Pope Paul IV., was removed in 1885, its demolition having been rendered necessary by the new Tiber embankment. The term is also employed to indicate the Jews' quarters in any city. GHI. See GHEE,
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Ghibellines
a political party of the 12th to the 15th centuries. On the death of Lothaire II., Emperor of Germany, Dec. 4, 1137, Conrad, Duke of Franconia and Lord of Weiblingen (which by corruption became Ghibelline), was elected his successor. His right to the imperial throne was, however, disputed by Henry the Proud, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, who was in consequence declared an outlaw and shortly afterward died. His adherents transferred their allegiance to his son Henry the Lion, at that time a boy of 10 years old, and the whole empire was divided into the partisans of Conrad, who assumed the name of Ghibellines, and those of Henry, or the Guelphs. These titles were first used at the battle of Weinsberg in 1140. The strife between the two parties subsided in Germany, but continued in Italy, resulting in war in 1159. The supporters of the Popes were termed Guelphs and those of the emperors Ghibellines. Charles of Anjou expelled the Ghibellines from Italy in 1268; but the contest between the two factions continued until the French invasion in 1495 united them against a common enemy.
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Ghiberti
LORENZO (gē-ber'tē), an Italian sculptor; born in Pelago, Italy, in 1378. He early learned from his stepfather Bartoluccio, an expert goldsmith, the arts of drawing and modeling, and that of casting metals. He was engaged in painting frescoes at Rimini, in the pal palace of Pandolfo Malatesta, when the priori of the society of merchants at Florence invited artists to propose models for one of the bronze doors of the baptistery of San Giovanni. The judges selected the works of Brunellesco and Ghiberti as the best, but the former voluntarily withdrew his claims, giving the preference to Ghiberti. After 21 years' labor Ghiberti completed the door, and, at the request of the priori, executed a second, after almost as long a period. Michael Angelo said of these that they were worthy of adorning the entrance to paradise. During these 40 years Ghiberti also completed other works, bas-reliefs, statues, and some excellent paintings on glass, most of which may be seen in the cathedral and the Church of Or San Michele at Florence. He died in Florence, Italy, in 1455.
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Gholson
an American novelist, born in Richmond, Va., in 1874. While still a young girl she began to attract attention as a fiction writer, portraying the change from the old order to the new in the South. She wrote "The Descendant" (1897); "Phases of an Inferior Planet" (1898); "The Voice of the People" (1900); "The Miller of Old Church" (1911); "Virginia" (1913); "Life and Gabriella" (1916); "The Builders" (1919).
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Ghor-Boud-Des, The
The people of "Ghor-bund-land." Mr. Pococke in his India in Greece maintains that these people are the same as the Corybantes," or ministers of the gods, otherwise known as the Cabiri. 66
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Ghuri
a dynasty of princes who had the seat of their empire in the country of Ghûr, and ruled over Persia, Afghan- Lighanistan, northern Hindustan, and Transoxiana. We first read of Ghûr in connection with Mahmud of Ghazni and his son Masaud, the latter of whom subjugated the region in 1020. About a century later Malik Izzuddin made himself ruler of all the Ghûr country. His son, Alauddin Jahansoz (the Burner), fell upon Ghazni, and took it and burned it to the ground. nd. This prince's nephews, Ghiyassuddin and Muizuddin , established their power in Khorasan and Ghazni. The latter, crossing the Indus, then conquered successively the provinces of Multan (1176), Lahore (1186), and Ajmere (1190), and in the course of the next six years, all Hindustan as far S. as Nagpur and E. to the Irawadi. On the death of Muizzuddin the Indian states asserted their independence, the confined to power of the Ghuri being con Ghûr, Seistan, and Herât. This last feeble remnant was taken from them by the Shah of Kharezm about 1215. Some 30 years later the Ghûr princes managed to revive something of their former power at Herât, which they retained by sufferance from the Mongols down to 1383, when the city was captured by Timur, and the Ghûr sovereignty came to an end.
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