Gibbons (JAMES an American prelate born)
JAMES, an American prelate; born in Baltimore, Md., July 23, 1834; was taken to Ireland by his parents early in life. Returning to the United States in 1848 he settled in New was educated at St. Charles Orleans; Orleans; College, Maryland, and at Mary's Seminary, Baltimore; was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood in June, 1861; and appointed as assistant in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Baltimore. Later he became the private secretary of Archbishop Spalding, and chancellor of the diocese. In 1868 he was made vicarapostolic of North Carolina, with the rank of bishop; and in 1877 became Archbishop of Baltimore. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1886, being the second Roman Catholic in the United States to receive that promotion. In 1891 Cardinal Gibbons denounced Peter P. Cahensly's plan for racial U. S. church grouping, which soon made the movement lar. His publications Faith of Our Fathers, " " Our CARDINAL GIBBONS Heritage, " and " The Christ." He died March 24, 1921.
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Gibbs
OLIVER WOLCOTT, American chemist; born in New York City, Feb. 21, 1822; was graduated at Columbia College in 1841 and at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1843; was Professor of Physics and Chemistry in the College of the City of New York in 1849-1863; and Rumford Professor in Harvard Univaluable chemical researches and contributed largely to scientific periodicals, principally "The American Journal of Science and Arts," of which he was one of the editors for many years. Dr. Gibbs was the only American honorary member of the German Chemical Society; was one of the original members and a president of the National Academy of Sciences. He died in 1908.
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Gibbs (SIR PHILIP an English author)
SIR PHILIP, an English author and journalist. He was born in 1875 and was educated privately. After leaving school he became at 21 one of the editors of Cassell and Company; editor of Tillotson's Literary Syndicate, 1901; and acted successively as a literary editor unpopu- of the Daily Mail, Daily Chronicle, and include " The Tribune, afterward becoming special Christian correspondent and descriptive writer on the Daily Chronicle. His articles from the field during the great war attracted attention. His works include: novels- "The Romance of Empire"; "Men and Women of the French Revolution"; "Now It Can Be Told" (1920); with some essays, plays, and numerous articles on the World War. He lectured in the United States in 1920 and 1921.
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Gibeon
a city of ancient Palestine on a hill among the mountains of Benjamin, 5 miles N. W. of Jerusalem. At the conquest of Canaan by the Israelites under Joshua, it was inhabited by Hivites. By a clever stratagem the Gibeonites insured the alliance and protection of the invaders, but, their deceit being afterward found out, they were reduced to a condition of servitude, being made "hewers of wood and drawers of water unto all the congregation." When the five kings of the Amorites besieged Gibeon for having entered into a traitorous compact with the common enemy of all the Canaanites, Joshua hastened to its help, and overthrew the besiegers with great slaughter. It was there that great 0 Joshua, in the words quoted from the book of Jashar (Josh. x: 12), commanded the sun to stand still upon Gibeon, and the moon in the valley of Ajalon.
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Gibraltar (BAY OF an inlet of the sea)
BAY OF, an inlet of the sea formed by the headland of Cabrita and Europa Point, 4 miles distant from each other, and is spacious and well adapted for shipping, being protected from all the more dangerous winds; the extreme depth within the bay is 110 fathoms. To increase the security of the harbor, two moles have been constructed, which respectively extend 1,100 and 700 feet into the bay. The Spanish town and port of Algeciras lie on its W. side.
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Gibraltar (BAY OF supply is derived)
BAY OF supply is derived from the rainfall. Gibraltar is a free port, and has a considerable shipping trade. The chief export is wine. The administration is vested in the governor, who is also commander-in-chief of the troops. Pop. (1919), 16,096. It was ultimately taken by the Spaniards from the Moors in 1462, fortified in the European style, and so much strengthened that the engineers of the 17th century considered it impregnable. It was taken, however, after a vigorous bombardment in 1704 by a combined English and Dutch force under Sir George Rooke and Prince George of Darmstadt, and was secured to Great Britain by the peace of Utrecht in 1713. Since then it has remained in British hands, notwithstanding some 14 desperate efforts on the part of Spain and France to retake it. In 1779, Great Britain being then engaged in a war with its revolted colonies and with France, a last grand effort was made by Spain to recover Gibraltar. The siege lasted for nearly four years. It was heroically and successfully defended, however, by General Elliott (afterward Lord Heathfield) and the garrison. Since that time, in the various British and Spanish and also French wars, Gibraltar has only been blockaded on the land side.
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Gibraltar (Town and strongly fortified)
a town and strongly fortified rocky peninsula near the S. ex- Ambassador of tremity of Spain, belonging to Great Britain. It is connected with the mainland by a low sandy isthmus, 1½ miles an long and 34 mile broad, known as the "neutral ground," with Gibraltar Bay on the W., the open sea on the E. and S. The highest point of the rock is about 1,400 feet above sea-level; its N. face is almost perpendicular, while its E. side exhibits tremendous precipices. On its S. side it is almost inaccessible, making approach approach from seaward impossible; the has made many W. side, again, although very rugged and precipitous, slopes toward the sea; and here the rock is secured by extensive and powerful batteries, rendering it apparently impregnable. Vast sums of money and an immense amount of labor have been spent in fortifying this celebrated stronghold. و The town of Gibraltar is situated on the W. side of the peninsula, terminating in Europa Point, and thus fronts the bay. It consists chiefly of one spacious street about half a mile in length, lined with shops, and paved and lighted. The principal cipal buildings are the governor's and lieutenant-governor's houses, the admiralty, naval hospital, etc. Its water
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