Girondists
a legislative party in the French Assembly of 1791. The name was derived from a circle of active young deputies from the department of the Gironde. The leaders were lawyers of Bordeaux. They were ardent young reformers with high ideals. The Girondist party desired the abolition of the monarchy, but was unwilling to resort to drastic measures. They came into conflict with the Jacobin clubs of Paris, who preferred the guillotine and the torch to fine speeches and correct sentiments. The very men who bearded the monarchists and demanded reform now found themselves bitterly antagonistic to the Radicals, who, in their judgment, were going too far. Finally bitterness between the Girondists and the Republican leaders became so pronounced that a decree was passed against the former, under which they were not only expelled from the Assembly, but were hunted down and imprisoned. Twenty-nine Girondist deputies were brought to the guillotine. The remainder were scattered and cowed, and did not make their reappearance in politics until the days of the revolution were over. The fullest account of the Girondists is that given by the French historian, Lamartine. See French Revolution
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Girton College
a noted college for women in England, instituted at Hitchin in 1869, but removed to Girton, near Cambridge, in 1873. Instruction is given in divinity, modern languages, classics, mathematics, moral science, natural science, including physiology and chemistry, history, and vocal music. Degree certificates are granted to those who satisfy their examiners as to their proficiency according to the standard of the examinations for the B. A. of Cambridge University. In 1919 there were 27 teachers and 170 students.
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Gisors
a town in the French department of Eure, on the N. W. of Paris. Its Epte, 43 miles iles double-aisled church, whose choir dates from the 13th century, has a splendid flamboyant portal; and the octagonal donjon of the ruined castle was built by Henry I. of England. Here Richard I. defeated the French in 1198; his watchword, "Dieu et mon Droit," has ever since been the motto of the royal arms of England. Pop. about 5,500.
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Gissing
GEORGE, an English novelist; born in Wakefield, in 1857. He has made a remarkable study of the London masses, from the ranks of skilled labor to the most noisome human refuse of the slums, the result being half repulsive and wholly powerful; particu- Nether World," "New larly in "The The Grub Street," "Demos," and "Sleeping Fires." He died Dec. 28, 1903. town of
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Gitschin
a Czecho-Slovakia, 60 miles N. E. of Prague. Gitschin was once the capital of the duchy of Friedland, and here Wallenstein built a splendid palace in 1630. On June 29, 1866, the Austrians were severely defeated here by the Prussians.
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Giulio Romano
properly GIULIO PIPPI DE' GIANNUZZI, an born in Rome about Italian artist; st; 1492; assisted Raphael in the execution of several of his finest works, such as the series of the so-called Raphael's of the Vatican and the Bible in the loggie gie "Benefactors of the Church" in the Incendio del Borgo, and at Raphael's death he completed the "Battle of Constantine" and the "Apparition of the Cross" in the Hall of Constantine in the Vatican. He built the Villa Madama, and adorned it with a fresco of Polyphemus. In 1524 Giulio accepted the invitation of Federigo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, to carry out a series of architectural and pictorial works, and restored the Palazzo del Te, the cathedral, the streets, and a ducal palace at Marfew miles from Mantua. mirolo, a Among the pictorial works of this period Troy," in the rus," the "History of Troy," were and the castle, and "Psyche," "Icarus, "Titans," in the palace. In Bologna he designed the façade of the Church of St. Petronio. Perhaps the best of his oil pictures are the "Martyrdom of St. the" Stephen," at Genoa; "A Holy Family," at Dresden; "Mary and Jesus" and the "Madonna_della Gatta." Giulio died in Mantua, Nov. 1, 1546.
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Giurgevo
a town of Rumania, on the Danube, opposite Rustchuk, 40 miles S. S. W. of Bucharest, of which town it is the port. It imports iron and textile goods, s, coal, and spirits, and exports corn, salt, and petroleum. It was originally settled by the Genoese in the 14th century, who called it St. George. Since 1771 the town has played an important part in all the wars between the Turks and the Russians. Pop. about 15,000.
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Givenchy
a village of France, S. of Armentières, and midway between Béthune and La Bassée, which was the scene of much fighting in the war. It was at first defended by an Indian brigade, which was driven out at the beginning of the war by the Germans. It remained a contested point while the war lasted.
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Givet
a town and fortress in the French department of Ardennes, on both banks of the Meuse, 31 miles S. of Namur in Belgium, and 193 N. E. of Paris. The citadel of Charlemont, on a rock 700 feet above the stream, was reconstructed by Vauban. There are manufactures of lead pencils, and sealing-wax, copper-wares, soap, etc. In August, 1914, the British forces held the town for some time against the Germans, who occupied it in the last days of the month. Pop. about 7,700.
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Givors
a town in the French department of Rhône, on the river Rhône, 14 miles S. of Lyons. Glass, especially bottles, and silk and iron goods are extensively manufactured, and a considerable able trade in coal is carried on.
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Gizzard
a muscular division of the stomach in birds; it is an elongated sac in the body of birds just below the liver, and having two openings above, the one into the duodenum and the other into the proventriculus. The gizzard of the raptorial bird is thin and feeble, while that of the graminivorous bird is strong, with thick and muscular walls, the whole lined with a thick horny epithelium.
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Glacial Period
a period or epoch during which ice largely prevailed, the climate, in what are now temperate latitudes, being polar. It commenced during the Newer Pliocene, and terminated before the close of the Post-Pliocene age. Arctic conditions did not prevail unintermittingly during all this time. Two distinct divisions of the glacial p period or distinct glacial periods are traceable in the Alps, the earlier one the more severe of the two. It was during the glacial period that the Alpine plants, now found on the summit of European mountains, passed S. from the Arctic regions. During the later of the two glacial periods man existed; whether he did so during the earlier one is a matter of dispute. See GEOLOGY.
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