Goyaz
the central state of Brazil, in the dry plateau region, rising in the S. to an important range of mountains; area 288,546 square miles; pop. about 542,000. The Tocantins river traverses most of the state from S. to N., and receives the Araguay, which forms the W. boundary; the S. frontier is marked by the Paranahyba. The climate in the S. is healthy, but in the N. malignant fevers are common, and the cattle are subject to goiter. Stock-raising is the chief industry.
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Gozo
an island in the Mediterranean, 4 miles N. W. of Malta and belonging to Great Britain; with the adjacent smaller island of Comino, area 26 square miles; pop. over 20,000. The surface is hilly, but the soil fertile. Chief town Rabato, near the center of the island.
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Graal, The Lost Book of the
The origin of the Graal legend, which is of course speculative. Seven ancient books are cited as being the possible cradle of the story, but none of دو Grail them quite meet the case. In the Huth Merlin , a "Book of the Sanctuary is referred to, but this is a book of records, not containing any special spiritual allusion. If, and it is very doubtful if, such a book ever existed, it was most probably a Mass book, extant about 1100. Its contents would relate to a Mass following the Last Supper, in which Christ gave Himself, the Priest serving. The mystery is threefold. (1) of Origin, which is part of the mystery of the Incarnation. (2) of Manifestation, which would have taken place had the world been worthy. (3) of Removal: this world being unworthy, the Graal was said to be removed, yet not hidden, for it is always discernible by anyone worthy, or qualified to see it. As has been said, it is not probable that such a Mass-book ever existed.
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Grace
DAYS OF, in commerce, a certain number of days immediately following the day, specified on the face of a bill or note, on which it becomes due. Till the expiry of these days payment is not necessary. In Great Britain the days of grace are three: in the United States they have been abolished generally in National bank operations.
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Graces
The Three, in Greek mythology, the goddesses of grace and beauty. They presided over the dance, the banquet, and all social pleasures. Their names are Aglaia, brilliancy; Euphrosyne, mirth; and Thalia, the blooming. They are usually described as in the service of other divinities, and are patrons of music, eloquence, poetry, and all arts that delight and elevate. These three on men all gracious gifts bestow Which deck the body or adorn the mind, To make them lovely or well-favored show; As comely carriage, entertainment kind, Sweet semblance, friendly offices that bind, And all the compliments of courtesy; They teach us how to each degree and kind We should ourselves demean, to low, to high, To friends, to foes; which skill men call Civility. --Spenser. Grace Greenwood. See Lippincott ; Sara
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Grackle
a crow-like bird. In England the term is applied to a small crow or jackdaw. In India it applies to two different birds called the religious birds,--the religious grackle and the paradise grackle. In America we have the purple grackle or crow blackbird , the Texas or boat-tailed grackle, and the rusty grackle. The term is of very uncertain application.
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Grades of Pig-iron
Pig-iron produced from the same ores differs in its nature and quality, and must be rated or graded in such a manner as will indicate the special purpose for which each is applicable. Broadly stated, the classifications are commonly understood as gray, mottled, and white--a condition discovered by the fracture; but the gray iron is subjected to still further divisions, termed No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, etc., according as the fracture indicates the various degrees of hardness, commencing at the softest, No. 1, the numbers advancing as the hardness increases up to the point where they cease to be suitable for general foundry purposes, and are classed as forge-irons, being fit only for conversion into malleable iron in the puddling-furnace. The lack of fluidity common to the latter grades is a quality which makes them highly desirable for the puddling process, as in melting they pass, just before fusion is complete, into a pasty mass favorable for decarburization much easier and with less loss than could be possible if the pig-iron were gray and more fluid. See MALLEABLE IRON.
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Gradisca
a town of Italy, on the Isonzo, 25 miles N. W. of Trieste. First fortified by the Venetians in 1478. Gradisca, with its territory, came into the hands of Austria in 1511, and during the next century and a half figured frequently in the wars between Austria and Venice. In 1647 it became a principality of the empire, but lapsed to the imperial crown again in 1717, and in 1754 was united to Görz. It reverted to Italy as the result of the treaty of St. Germain, following the World War.
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Grady
HENRY WOODFEN, an American journalist; born in Athens, Ga., in 1851; was educated at the University of Georgia; served in the Confederate army during the latter part of the Civil War; became one of the staff of the Atlanta "Herald," and correspondent of the New New York "Herald" in Georgia. His writings contributed much to the growth and prosperity of the "New South"; he was also one of the editors of the Atlanta "Constitution." Among Southern editors he was perhaps more widely known than any other. He died in Atlanta, Ga., Dec. 23, 1889. GRÄFENBERG (gra'fen-berg), a village of Czecho-Slovakia, 50 miles N. of Olmütz. It is celebrated as the spot where the water-cure (see HYDROPATHY) was introduced in 1826 by Vincenz Priessnitz (1799-1851). It still is visited yearly by many persons.
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Grafting
in carpentry, a scarfing or endwise attachment of one timber to another, as in attaching an extra length or false pile to one already driven. In nautical language, the tapering of the end of a rope, usually covered by weaving yarns around it. In surgery, the transplanting of a portion of skin to a denuded surface. In husbandry, the act or process of inserting a shoot or scion taken from one tree or shrub in a vigorous stock of its own or a closely allied species, so as to cause them to unite and enable the graft to derive a larger supply of nutritive power than it could otherwise obtain.
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