Graham Escapement
An escapement invented by George Graham, in which the locking faces of the pallets are arcs of a circle concentric with the axis of the anchor, from which it gets the name dead-beat escapement, that is, the escape wheel tooth lies dead upon the locking face of the anchor and has no recoil or circular motion, except at the time it delivers an impulse. This form requires more care in making than the recoil. When applied to a seconds pendulum the escape wheel is made with thirty teeth, if a second hand is mounted. The anchor is made to cover from eight to ten teeth of the escape wheel. As the number of teeth covered by the anchor is decreased, correspondingly greater care is necessary in the making. Saunier says, "if this amount is exceeded the thickening of the oil has an appreciable influence, and, with a less amount, very accurate workmanship is necessary.
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Graham Island
or FERDINAN- DEA, a volcanic island which in July, 1831, rose up in the Mediterranean, about 30 miles S. W. of Sciacca, in Sicily. It attained a height of 200 feet, with a circuit of 3 miles, but disappeared in August. It reappeared for a short time in 1863.
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Graham's Land
an island of the Antarctic Ocean, discovered by Biscoe in 1832 between 65° and 67° S. lat. In front, toward the N., are a number of islets, called Biscoe's Chain.
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Grahame
KENNETH, an English author, born in Edinburgh, in 1859. He was educated in England. He began his literary career as a contributor to newspapers and won wide notice through his "Pagan Papers," published in 1893. His best known works, however, are those dealing with childhood, including "The olden Age" and "Dream Days," the first published in 1895 and the second in 1898. In 1908 he published "The Wind in the Willows." He was Secretary of the Bank of England.
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Grahame-White
CLAUDE, an English aviator and designer of aeroplanes, born in 1879. He was educated at the Bedford Grammar School and at Crondall House College. After some experience in the manufacture of motors, he organized an aviation school at Pau, France. In 1910 he made several notable flights with a Farman biplane, and in the same year he made a tour of America. He won the Gordon Bennett Trophy. On his return to England he formed the Grahame-White Aviation Company. He wrote "The Story of the Aeroplane"; "Air Power"; "The Airplane in War," "Aviation" and several boys' books dealing with aviation. He was also a frequent contributor to magazines on the same subject.
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Grahamstown
the capital of the former E. province of Cape Colony, now a part of the Union of South Africa, near the center of the maritime division of Albany, 1,728 feet above sea-level, 106 miles N. E. of Port Elizabeth. It is the seat of two Bishops-Anglican and Roman Catholic; and in its Anglican cathedral is a monument to Colonel Graham, after whom the city is named. Leather tions of the place are its museum, St. Andrew's College, a public library, etc. Pop. (1918) 7,087.
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Grail Sword
Associated with the Holy Grail in Arthurian Legend. Its history begins with King David who bequeathed it to Solomon who was bidden to re-cast the pommel. In Solomon's time it was placed in a ship built and luxuriously furnished by Solomon's wife. Subsequently discovered by the Knights of the Quest, it was assumed and worn by Galahad.
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Grain-tin
See TIN. Granite is a widely known igneous rock, composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica, united in a confused crystallization. Feldspar predominates, and quartz is greater than mica. It is so called because of its granular structure. The decomposition of the feldspar of some kinds of granites produces the kaolin used for porcelain, and for many purposes in metallurgy. When granite decomposes and becomes mixed with organic matter it makes good soil. See KAOLIN; MICA; FELDSPAR; ROCK; EARTHS.
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Grainger
PERCY ALDRIDGE, an Australian pianist and composer. He was born in Melbourne, Australia, in with his mother 1883, and studied music till the age of ten and then was educated at Frankfort-on-Main. He went to London when 17. His compositions for piano, voice, chorus, orchestra, and chamber music have been performed in many cities. His publications include: "British Folk-music Settings" (16 numbers); "Room-music Tit-bits" (3 numbers); "Kipling Settings" (5 numbers); "Father and Daughter," dance-ballad for chorus and orchestra; several songs and piano pieces; "Journal of the Folksong Society, No. 12." GRAIN PRODUCTION. See tables under AGRICULTURE. GRAINS. (1) A residuum of fiber and insoluble matters after infusion or decoction; as the grains of malt after the wort is decanted. (2) A bating solution of birds' dung, used in destroying the effect of lime, and in improving the flexibility of leather. (3) Pieces of sheetmetal, cast-iron, or tinned iron inserted into a mold for the purpose of supporting an accessory portion, such as a core, in position.
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Grammar
the science which treats of the words of which language is composed, and of the laws by which it is governed. It is of two kinds, descriptive and comparative. Descriptive grammar classifies, arranges, and describes words as separate parts of speech, and notes the changes they undergo under certain conditions. Comparative grammar, which is based on the study of words, goes further; it analyzes and accounts for the changes they have undergone, and endeavors to trace them back to their origin; it thus deals with the growth of language.
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Gramme
the standard unit of French measures of weight, and is the weight of a cubic centimeter of distilled water at 0° Centigrade; the other weights have received names corresponding to the number of grammes they contain, or the number of times they are contained in a gramme. A gramme= 15.43248 grains troy, from which the equivalents in English measure for the : other weights can easily be found; thus Pounds Grains Avoirdupois Troy. .0000220462 .1543234 Centigramme .000220462 1.543234 Decigramme 15.43234 .00220462 GRAMME Decagramme 154.3234 .0220462 1543.234 .220462 Hectogramme= 2.20462 15432.34 Kilogramma Myriagramme 154323.4 22.0462 220.462 Quintal (q.v.) = 1543234 = an illustrious French family, the best known of whom are: GABRIEL, a cardinal and diplomatist, in the time of Louis XII. and Francis I.; died in 1534. ANTHONY, duke of Gramont, marshal of France, and viceroy of Navarre, author of "Memoirs," died in 1678, ARMAND, son of the latter, and Count de Guiche, whose "Memoirs" also exist, 1638-1674; PHILI- BERT, Count de Gramont, son of Anthony, known by his memoirs, written by his brother-in-law Anthony, Count Hamilton, died in 1720; ANTHONY, Duke de Gramont, a French marshal and ambassador, known as Count de Guiche, 1671-1725; LOUIS, Duke de Gramont, lost the battle of Dettingen, and was killed at Fontenoy, 1745. The last Duke of Gramont, father of the Duke of Guiche, and the countesses of Tankerville and Sebastiani. He died in 1836.
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