Gramont
the name of followed by substituting for the rubber discs a composition of shellac, in which the records could be more sharply reproduced, resulting in clearer and more distinct sounds. Another substitute still is a fibrous die, faced with a thin layer of shellac on both sides. This gives a disc much lighter in weight, less susceptible to changes of climate or temperature and capable of harder usage. The motive power of the gramophone was at first applied by hand, but later a mechanism on the principle of a clock, driven by a spring, was invented by Eldridge R. Johnson, which not only supplied motive power but acted as a speed regulator. În more recent years the etching process of producing the records has been abandoned, the expiration of the regular gramophone patents enabling the various gramophone manufacturers to utilize the wax cutting process, while still retaining the principle of horizontal motion. This latter change, besides various other qualities of the phonograph, which were also incorporated, brought the phonograph to its present high degree of perfection. For the reproduction of singing and music the gramophone is considered the better instrument, the disc lending itself to infinite repetition, without deterioration of the records.
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Grampians
a mountain range in Scotland. They commence in W. Scotland from the extremity of the lowest arm of the Frith of Clyde, between the counties of Argyle and Dunbarton, and running S., sweep round in a deep semicircle to the E., till they nearly impinge on the German Ocean, in the county of Kincardine. Before reaching this terminus a branch is thrown off, which, trending in a N. W. direction, forms a lesser curve, which, passing through Aberdeen, Banff, and Elgin, is finally lost on the skirts of Inverness-shire. In this extended course it sends up several lofty peaks that form the highest eminences in Scotland. Of these the most important are Ben Lomond, Ben Ledi, Ben More, Ben Lawer, and Ben Voirlich. Also, the name of a mountain chain in the colony of Victoria, South Australia, whose highest point is Mount William, which is 4,500 feet above the level of the sea. Danube, here crossed by a bridge of
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Grampus
. See Porpoise
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Gran
town of Hungary, on the boats, 25 miles N. W. of Pest, and opposite the mouth of the Gran river. The town is the see of the primate of Hungary, and its great domed cathedral (1821-1856), on the castle hill, reveals in its magnificent proportions St. Peter's at Rome. The palace of the prince-archbishop, who was formerly primate of Hungary, is the chief of many buildings in connection with the cathedral. Gran was the cradle of Christianity in Hungary; here St. Stephen, the first king, was born in 979, and baptized and crowned in 1000. In the next two centuries it became the greatest commercial town in the kingdom. Pop. about 20,000.
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Grand
MME. SARAH, an English novelist; born (Frances Elizabeth Clarke) in Ireland. She married a British naval officer almost immediately on leaving school, and traveled widely. "The Heavenly Twins" made her famous. "Singularly Deluded" and "Ideala"; "Babs the Impossible" (1900); Emotional Moments" (1908); "Adam's Orchard" (1912), are among her other works of fiction. She lectured in the United States in 1901. GRANDPRÉ, a village of France, in Ardennes, on the Aire, 36 miles S. E. of Mézières. It was at first taken by the Germans but relinquished by them following the battle of the Marne. Some with of the fiercest battles of the war the French troops were fought in the region.
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Grand Copt
(See Cagliostro .)
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Grand Forks
a city and countyseat of Grand Forks co., N. D.; on the Red River of the North and the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific railroads; 25 miles N. W. of Crookston. It is the seat of the University of North Illinois, was chosen commander-in-chief Dakota, St. Bernard's Academy, and Grand Forks College; and contains a high school, 2 National banks, and daily and weeky newspapers. There are flour and lumber mills, large agricultural and lumbering industries. Pop. (1910) 12,478; (1920) 14,010.
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Grand Grimoire, The
A work pretended to be edited by a suppositious person, Antonia del Rabina, who, it is alleged, prepared his edition from a copy transcribed from the genuine writings of King Solomon . The work is divided into two parts: the first containing the evocation of Lucifuge Rocofale (See " Ceremonial Magic " in article "Magic"); the second being concerned with the rite of making pacts with demons. The work is regarded as one of the most atrocious of its type; but there is little reason for such heavy condemnation, as its childish and absurd. character must be patent to everyone. Eliphas Levi says that it pretends to confer the Powder of Protection, that great mystery of the sages, but that in reality it confers the Powder of Consecution-whatever that may imply. The first portion of the Grand Grimoire in a process for the evocation of evil spirits to assist the operator to discover hidden treasure. The second part, that which deals with facts, suggests the surrender of the magician body and soul to the demon, and it is in this that the diabolical excellencies of the work consist. But the pact, as it stands, is grossly unfair to the devil, for the working of it is such, that the magician can very readily slip through his fingers.
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Grand Gulf
a locality in Mississippi, on the Mississippi river, S. of Vicksburg. The Confederate batteries at this place were attacked by the forces under Farragut, March 31, 1863, and frequent shelling and bombarding occurred from that time until May 3, when the place surrendered to the land and naval forces under Grant and Porter.
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Grand Haven
a city of Michigan, the county-seat of Ottawa co. It is a port of entry and is situated at the mouth of the Grand River. It is on the Grand Trunk, Grand Haven, and Muskegon, and the Pere Marquette railroads. It has an excellent harbor and is connected by steamship lines with the principal lake ports. It has an important fishing industry and is the center of extensive fruit and celery-growing interests. Its industries include the manufacture of engines, es, printing presses, baskets, barrels, shoes, etc. Its institutions include a public library, Akeley College for girls, United States a custom house, and a county court house. In the vicinity are Highland Park and Spring Lake, which attractive are summer resorts. Pop. (1910) 5,856; (1920) 7,205.
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