Grand Island
a city of Nebraska, the county-seat of Hall co. It is on the Union Pacific, the Burlington Route, and the St. Joseph and Grand Island railroads. Its industries include a beetsugar factory, cement-block factory, candy factory, wire factories, broom factories, etc. It has the railroad shops of the Union Pacific. Its notable institutions include a public library, St. Francis Hospital, and the Nebraska Soldiers' and Sailors' Home. It is the seat of Grand Island College. Pop. (1910) 10,326; (1920) 13,947.
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Grand Junction
a city of Colorado, the county-seat of Mesa co. It is on the Denver and Rio Grande, the Colorado Midland, and the Grand Junction and Grand River Valley railroads, and at the junction of the Grand and Gunnison rivers. It is the center of an important agricultural region and is especially noted for its fruit growing. There are extensive coal mines in the neighborhood and its industries include machine shops, lumber yards, railroad shops, brick works, and a beet-sugar factory. Its public buildings include a public library. Pop. (1910) 7,754; (1920) 8,665.
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Grand Lodge
Foundation of. (See Freemasonry.)
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Grand Prix De Rome
a prize given annually by the Academy of Fine Arts in Paris to the most successful competitor in painting, music, sculpture, etc. The winners of the prize become the charge of the government for four years and are sent to Rome to reside.
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Grand Vizier
the prime minister of the Turkish Empire.
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Grandcourt
village of France, ! on the Ar Ancre, which was the scene of much fighting in the battle of the Ancre in November, 1916. The Germans had constructed in the vicinity a labyrinth of trenches. The western outskirt was taken by the British but they were expelled by the Germans. Battle fluctuated over the region till the final retreat following on the arrival of Americans.
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Grange
see HUSBANDRY, PATRONS OF.
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Granite City
a city of Illinois, in Madison co. It is opposite St. Louis, Mo., and is on the Chicago and Alton, the Chicago, Peoria, and St. Louis, the Cleveland, Cincinnati Chicago, and St. Louis, and other railroads. It is an important industrial city and its manufac- the two Sikh wars. During the operatures include iron, steel, tin plate, and granite ware. It has also a large cornproducts refinery, and bridge works. Among its institutions is a p public hospital. Pop. (1910) 9,903; (1920) 14,757.
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Granson
or GRANDSON (gronsôn'), a village in the canton of Vaud, tel. Switzerland, on the Lake of Neuchâtel, 21 miles S. W. of Neuchâtel. Here March 3, 1476, the Swiss defeated the Burgundians, under Charles the Bold.
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Grantham
a parliamentary borough of Lincolnshire, England, on the Witham river, 25 miles S. ri S. W. of Lincoln. It lies on the ancient Ermine street; is an important junction on the Great Northern railway; and a canal, 30 miles long, connects it with the Trent near Nottingham. Among the notable buildings is the St. Wolfran's Church, in style, mainly Early English of the 13th century. The quaint Angel Inn is still standing, in which Richard III. signed Buckingham's death warrant. Oliver Cromwell here, May 13, 1643, ; but the town's won his first success greatest glory is Sir Isaac Newton, who, during 1655-1656, attended its grammar school. A bronze statue of him by Theed was erected in 1858. The school in 1528 was founded by Bishop Fox . im- The manufacture of agricultural , and brick-making are plements, malting the chief industries. Grantham was incorporated by Edward IV. in 1463. The borough boundary was largely extended in 1879. Pop. about 20,000.
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Gras
FELIX, a Provençal poet; born in Malemort, France, May 3, 1844; became a lawyer and "juge de paix" in and one of the department of Vaucluse, , standing the leading Provençal writers . next in popular estimation to Mistral are: the "The His most famous works Reds of the Midi," and its sequel, "The Terror," stories of the French Revolution, translated into English by Mrs. T. ) A. Janvier: "Li Carbouniè" (1876 ; "Toloza" (1882), epic poems; "Lou Roushorter mancero Prouvençau" (1887), , Avignon poems; "Li Papalino" (1891) editor of the "Armana stories. He was Prouvençau," a literary ary annual; and 1891, the "Capouliè," or official after society of head, of the "Félibrige," the Provençal men of letters. He died in Avignon, March 4, 1901.
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Grass Cloth
a thin fabric of a brownish color made in China and India from ramie or rhea fiber. The name was given to it by the English residents of Canton. A light cotton fabric of buff color made in America in imitation of the Chinese cloth is called grass cloth.
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Gratian
a Roman emperor; eldest son of Valentinian I., by his first wife Severa; born in Pannonia 359 A. D.; elected by his father to the rank of Augustus, 367. On the death of Valentinian, 375, the troops elevated Gratian to the throne, giving him at the same time as a colleague his halfbrother Valentinian II. During the first part of his reign, a fierce warfare was carried on against the tribes who possessed the Danubian provinces and Illyricum; and he was on the point of marching into Thrace, to assist his uncle Valens against the Goths, when he was suddenly called upon to defend his dominions against the Lentienses, a tribe of the Alemanni. After the invaders had been defeated, Gratian advanced toward the Eastern Empire, but while on the way he learned that his uncle Valens had been defeated and killed by the Goths near Adrianople, 378. The sovereignty of the Eastern Empire then devolved on Gratian, but feeling his inadequacy to the task of ruling the whole empire, he recalled Theodosius from Spain, and appointed him his colleague, 379. Gratian possessed some admirable virtues; but his fondness for frivolous amusements and unworthy associates excited the contempt of the army, so that when Maximus was proclaimed emperor by the legions in Britain crowds of the disaffected flocked to his standard. Gratian was defeated by him near Paris, and afterward fled to Lyons, where he was overtaken and killed, 383.
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Grattan
HENRY, an Irish statesman; born in Dublin, July 3, 1746; graduated at Trinity College, and went to London to study and practice law. In 1772 he was called to the bar in his native country, and three years after entered the Irish House of Commons, where his brilliant eloquence soon raised him to distinction. In 1780, the British Parliament having attempted to frame laws for the sister country, to the humiliation of the Irish Parliament and executive, Grattan moved the resolution, "That the King's most excellent Majesty, and the Irish House of Lords and Commons, are the only competent powers to make laws to govern Ireland." So enthusiastic was the national feeling on this occasion that he was voted the sum of $500,000. Of this, however, Grattan refused to accept more than $250,000. On the union of the two crowns, at the opening of this century, Grattan took his seat in the Imperial Parliament, first for Malton, and afterward for Dublin; but, like most of these great orators, the change from College Green to St. Stephen's seemed fatal alike to his eloquence, his prestige, and his power. He died in London, June 4, 1820.
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