Gallaudet
EDWARD MINER (gal-a-det'), an American educator; born in Hartford, Conn., Feb. 5, 1837, son of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet; was graduated at Trinity College in 1856. He organized the Columbia Institute for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind in Washington, D. C., in 1857, and from it developed the Gallaudet College for the Deaf, in 1864, becoming its president. His publications include "Manual of International Law" (1879), and "Life of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet" (1888). He died in 1917. pear-shaped
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Galle
or FOINT DE GALLE (point de gäl), a fortified town and seaport of the S. W. extremity of the island of Ceylon, on a low rocky promontory of the same name. It has a good harbor, formed by a small bay. It has lost its former importance as a coaling and transhipping station for the great lines of steamers from Europe to Australia and China since the completion of the breakwater at Colombo. It is the capital of the S. province of Ceylon. Pop. about 40,000.
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Gallego
JUAN NICASIO (gäl-yā' gō), a Spanish lyric poet; born in Zamora, Spain, Dec. 14, 1777. He studied law, philosophy, and theology, at Salamanca; but began a poetical career on becoming intimate with Valdes, Quintana, and Cienfuegos. His political activity resulted in his imprisonment in 1814, and banishment for a short time subsequently. His "The Second of May" and an elegy on the death of Queen Isabella (1818), have attained particular celebrity. He served in the Spanish Cortes for some years. He died in Madrid, Jan. 9, 1853.
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Gallegos
a river of Patagonia entering the Atlantic Ocean opposite the Falkland Islands; lat. 51° 33 S., lon. 69° W. It is small but very rapid, and at its mouth or estuary the tide rises 46 feet.
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Gallfly
or GALLWASP, names generally applied to any member of a large family (Cynipida) of hymenopterous insects, most of the females of which lay their eggs in plants and by the associated irritation produce galls. The insects are not unlike little wasps with straight, thread-like antennæ, laterally compressed abdomen, and long wings. The eggs are laid in the leaves, twigs, roots, etc., of plants, which the mothers pierce with their ovipositors. The irritation of the wound and of the intruded and rapidly developing eggs results in pathological excrescences or galls. Within these the larvæ feed and grow, and either eat their way out while still grubs or remain till the pupa stage is past and emerge as adolescent insects. While most produce true galls, some members of the family act like cuckoos and utilize galls already formed by other genera. Others again depart more widely from the general habit and deposit their ova in other insects. The genera Cynips, Aphilotrix, Andricus, Neuroterus, Spathegaster, Biorhiza all form galls on oaks; Rhodites is the cause of mossy excrescences on rose bushes. Among those which utilize already formed galls, Synergus and Aulax are important genera; while Ibalia, Figites, Eucoila, and the minute species of Allotria are in their youth parasitic on other insects, such as flies and plant-lice. Among the common gall wasps Cynips quercusfolii makes the cherry-galls of oak leaves; C. tinctoria produces the well-known inkgall of the Levantine oak; Rhodites rosæ forms the curious and familiar Bedeguar on wild roses.
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Gallia
Also called Gallia Transalpina or Gallia Ulterior, to distinguish it from Gallia Cisalpina, or the north of Italy. The Romans commenced the conquest of Gaul B. c. 125, and a few years afterwards made the southeastern part of the country a Roman province. In Caesar 's Commentaries the Roman province is called simply Provincia, in contradistinction to the rest of the country; hence comes the modern name of Provence. The rest of the country was subdued by Caesar after a struggle of several years (58-50). At this time Gaul was divided into three parts- Aquitania, Celtica, and Belgica-according to the three different races by which it was inhabited. The Aquitania dwelt in the southwest, between the Pyrenees and the Garumna; the Celtae , or Galli proper, in the center and west between the Garumna and the Sequana and the Matrona; and the Belgae in the northeast, between the two last-mentioned rivers and the Rhine . Of the many tribes inhabiting Gallia Celtica, none were more powerful than the Aedui, the Sequani, and the Helvetii. Gallienus, Pub. Licinius . A son of the emperor Valerian. He reigned conjointly with his father for seven years, and then became sole emperor, A. D. 260. In his youth he showed military ability in an expedition against the Germans and Sarmatae, but when possessed of the purple he gave himself up to pleasure and vice. He was assassinated in his fiftieth year, A. D. 268.
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Gallieni
JOSEPH SIMON. French soldier. He was born at St. Béat, 1849, and after passing through the military academy of St. Cyr, fought as lieutenant in the Franco-German war, distinguish ing himself in the defense portrayed in "La Dernière Cartouche" of Neuville. In 1880 he procured for France from the Sultan of Segou, though a captive, commercial privileges in Upper Nigeria. He was made a general for his later work in GENERAL GALLIENI Indo-China, and after 1896 became erenor-general of Madagascar, deposing Queen Ranavalo. In 1908 he became a member of the Superior War Council. On the breaking out of the World War in 1914 Gallieni was made military governor of Paris, and his despatch of troops to the aid of General Manoury was instrumental in checking the Germans at the Marne. As a result, Gallieni was hailed as "savior of Paris." He continued his work as governor of the city for over 14 months, developing its defense, and rushing aid to threatened points in the front line. Toward the close of 1915 he became Minister of War, and was later intrusted with the development of the aviation arm, but a breakdown forced his retirement and he died at Versailles, May 27, 1916.
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Gallinger
JACOB HAROLD, United States senator from New Hampshire, born in Cornwall, Ontario, in 1837. He received an academic education and studied medicine at the Medical Institute of Cincinnati. He engaged in practice in Concord, N. H., in 1862. In 1872 he was elected to the State House of Representatives and to the State Senate for three years succeeding. He was chairman of the Republican State Committee from 1882 to 1890, and again from 1898 to 1907. He was elected United States senator in 1891 and was successively reelected until 1915. He was a member of many important committees, including those of Appropriation, Finance, etc. He was recognized as one of the leading members of the Senate. He died in 1918. GALLINULINÆ (-li'nē), in ornithology, water hens. A sub-family of Rallidæ (rails). They have the base of the ridge of the bill dilated into a soft oblong plate, occupying part of the forehead. They are aquatic birds, swimming and diving well, feeding on insects, worms, mollusca, besides seeds of grasses and other plants.
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